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<h3 align=center style='text-align:center'><b><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>M E M O
R A N D U M<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></h3>
<h3 align=center style='text-align:center'><b><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></h3>
<h3><b><font size=2 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-weight:bold'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></h3>
<h3><b><font size=2 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-weight:bold'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></h3>
<h3><b><font size=2 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-weight:bold'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></h3>
<h3><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-weight:bold'>TO:</span></font></b><font size=2><span style='font-size:
11.0pt'> </span></font>Matt St. John <o:p></o:p></h3>
<h3><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">North</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Coast</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>
Regional Water Quality Control Board<o:p></o:p></span></font></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:27.0pt'><st1:Street
w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on"><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>5550 Skylane Blvd.</span></font></st1:address></st1:Street>,
Suite A<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:27.0pt'><st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Santa Rosa</span></font></st1:City>, <st1:State
w:st="on">California</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode w:st="on">95403</st1:PostalCode></st1:place><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoHeader><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>VIA:</span></font></b> David
M. Siegel, Ph.D., Chief<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> Integrated Risk Assessment Branch<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoHeader><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>FROM:</span></font></b> Karlyn
Black Kaley, Ph.D., D.A.B.T., Staff Toxicologist<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> Applied Risk Assessment Unit<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoHeader><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>DATE:</span></font></b> September
1, 2005<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoHeader><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-left:63.0pt;text-indent:-63.0pt'><b><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>SUBJECT:</span></font></b><font
size=3><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> COMMENTS ON THE
CYANOBACTERIAL/MICROCYSTIN TOXIN SUMMER 2005 WATER SAMPLING RESULTS FOR THE
COPCO/IRONGATE RESERVOIR.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div style='mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='border:none;padding:0in'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> As you have
requested we have briefly reviewed the water sampling data found in the
following first three documents. We have referenced the later two documents as
part of our review as well. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
6.0pt;margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>1)<font size=1 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></font></span></span></font><![endif]>memo
dated August 18, 2005 re: Copco Lake Toxic Cyanobacteria Results to Karuk
Tribe/NCWQCB from Jacob Kann, Ph.D.; <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
6.0pt;margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>2)<font size=1 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></font></span></span></font><![endif]>memo
dated August 19, 2005 re: Copco/Irongate Reservoir Toxic Cyanobacteria Results:
followup to Karuk Tribe/SWRCB/NCWQCB from Jacob Kann, Ph.D.; <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
6.0pt;margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>3)<font size=1 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></font></span></span></font><![endif]>memo
dated August 30, 2005 re: Copco/Irongate Reservoir Toxic Cyanobacteria Results:
7/26-27 to Karuk Tribe/SWRCB/NCWQCB from Jacob Kann, Ph.D.; <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
6.0pt;margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>4)<font size=1 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></font></span></span></font><![endif]>1999
World Health Organization, Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A guide to their
public health consequences, monitoring and management, Ed. I. Chorus and J.
Bartrum (html version found at: <u><a
href="http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resourcesquality/toxicyanbact/en/">http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resourcesquality/toxicyanbact/en/</a>);
</u>and,<u> <o:p></o:p></u></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
6.0pt;margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>5)<font size=1 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></font></span></span></font><![endif]>World
Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 3<sup>rd</sup>
Edition (html version found at: <a
href="http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3/en/index.html">http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3/en/index.html</a>).
<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><br clear=all style='page-break-before:always'>
</span></font>
<div class=Section2>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> Given the time
frame of less than two weeks for review, it was not possible for us to conduct a
comprehensive risk analysis or assessment of the potential microcystin toxin
exposure situation you have presented. However, based on the data you have
presented, we can offer with confidence the following public health statement
and supporting observations:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><b><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'> The
<i><span style='font-style:italic'>Microcystis aeruginosa</span></i>
cyanobacteria levels and resulting microcystin toxin concentrations detected in
water samples collected from both shoreline and open water locations in the
Copco and Irongate Reservoirs in California pose a significant potential threat
of adverse health affects in human and animals exposed through direct ingestion
of contaminated water as well as incidental ingestion during recreational water
activities and bathing. <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><b><u><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>Adverse
Health Effects</span></font></u></b> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'> Health effects that might be expected to be
observed—following exposure to the microcystin toxin levels detected in
the water samples reviewed—could range from mild non-life threatening
skin conditions to permanent organ impairment and death, depending on
exposure. More specifically, depending on exposure concentration, duration and
individual sensitivity, symptoms could include mild to severe eye and ear
irritation, allergic skin rash, mouth ulcers, fever, cold/flu like symptoms,
vomiting, diarrhea, pneumonia, liver damage, kidney damage, complete liver
failure, increased incidence of liver cancer and death. Children and animals
are at greatest risk of serious life threatening affects because of their
smaller body size and higher water ingestion rates. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><b><u><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>World
Health Organization Risk Levels<o:p></o:p></span></font></u></b></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'> The World Health Organization (WHO) has
established a Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) as well as Guideline Values
(GV’s) for microcystin toxin in water. These are useful in evaluating
potential risk of adverse health impacts from exposure via drinking water as
well as recreational water activities. The TDI applies primarily to drinking
water, while the GV’s have been developed to specifically address the
probability of adverse effects occurring in individuals exposed to contaminated
water during specific water use scenarios. GV’s have been developed for
drinking water consumption as well as recreational water exposure. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'> According to WHO, a TDI is the amount of a
potentially harmful substance that can be consumed daily, via ingestion, over a
lifetime, with negligible risk of adverse health effects. TDI's are based on
scientific data and controlled laboratory studies of observed adverse health
impacts. The TDI for microcystin in this case was based on observed acute
effects on the liver. The primary study used to develop the TDI is a 13-week
oral ingestion mouse study. Because of lack of data, no long term chronic
effects or carcinogenicity potential was used in the development of this TDI.
Although TDI’s do not account for multiple routes of exposure or
cumulative risk due to exposure to multiple toxins, they are highly valuable in
assessing the potential risk of adverse health effects from a single toxin. <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>The WHO TDI for microcystin toxin is 0.04 </span></b></span></font><b><font
face=Symbol><span style='font-family:Symbol;font-weight:bold'>m</span></font>g/kg
body weight. <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> WHO guideline values
represent a scientific consensus, based on broad international participation,
of the health risk to humans associated with exposure to microbes and chemicals
found in water. For recreational water exposure GV’s are defined at
three primary concentration levels: <i><span style='font-style:italic'>mild or
low</span></i>, <i><span style='font-style:italic'>moderate </span></i>and <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>high probability</span></i> of risk for adverse
health impacts if exposed at a given toxin concentration. GV’s are
calculated values. They are derived using the TDI for a given chemical along
with a persons’ average body weight and the estimated amount of
contaminated water that may be ingested on a daily basis during a given
activity. GV’s do not take into account health risks that may be
attributed to other routes of exposure, such as aerosol inhalation or skin
contact. <b><span style='font-weight:bold'>The WHO GV for moderate risk of
adverse health effects from recreational exposure to microcystin in water is 20
</span></b></span></font><b><font face=Symbol><span style='font-family:Symbol;
font-weight:bold'>m</span></font>g/liter (or a density of approximately 100,000
cyanobacteria cells per milliliter (ml) of water). The WHO GV for high risk is
the presence of active algal scums, which can increase cell densities a 1000 to
1,000,000 fold.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'> The maximum <i><span style='font-style:italic'>Microcystis
aeruginosa</span></i> cyanobacteria density detected in the water samples
reviewed was 11,402,943 cells/ml in the CRSH shoreline site sample. This
sample had a laboratory detected microcystin toxin concentration of 667 </span></font><font
face=Symbol><span style='font-family:Symbol'>m</span></font>g/liter. Open
water locations varied from 151,004 to 916,548 cells/ml. We understand that it
is possible that higher concentrations of microcystin toxin than those detected
in these samples may exist in other areas of these reservoirs. The presence of
active scum may suggest a higher risk of adverse health effects for humans and
animals exposed along shorelines. However, using only the data provided, if we
take the maximum detected microcystin value of 667 <font face=Symbol><span
style='font-family:Symbol'>m</span></font>g/liter and compare it to the WHO GV
for moderate risk of adverse health impacts for exposure to microcystin toxin
in water, we can confirm your conclusion that microcystin toxin levels in this
sample are 33 times that identified by WHO as posing a moderate risk of adverse
health impact for recreational waters. WHO recommends taking some kind of
mitigating action to reduce or eliminate human exposure when microcystin toxin
concentrations are found at or above a moderate risk GV level of 20 <font
face=Symbol><span style='font-family:Symbol'>m</span></font>g/liter. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><b><u><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>Recreational
Incidental Ingestion Levels<o:p></o:p></span></font></u></b></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'> Using the maximum detected toxin value
reported above, the WHO values mentioned previously, and a number of general
assumptions, we also calculated potential human exposure based on incidental
ingestion of contaminated water during recreational water activities and
bathing (i.e. swimming). <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'> Adult Incidental Ingestion</span></font></b>:
For a 60 kilogram (kg) adult, incidentally ingesting 100 mls of contaminated
water in any given day, the amount of microcystin toxin consumed would be
1.11 <font face=Symbol><span style='font-family:Symbol'>m</span></font>g/kg
body weight. This amount is 28 times greater than the accepted WHO Tolerable
Daily Intake value of 0.04 <font face=Symbol><span style='font-family:Symbol'>m</span></font>g/kg
body weight. This calculation is based on a single one-hour “swimming
event” per day. More swimming events or activities of longer duration
could result in greater exposure. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'> Child Incidental Ingestion</span></font></b>:
With respect to children that may be exposed to microcystin at these levels
there is an even greater potential health concern. For a 15 kilogram (kg)
child (roughly 3 years of age), incidentally ingesting an estimated 250 mls of
contaminated water in any one “swimming event” on any given day,
the amount of microcystin toxin consumed would be 11.1 <font face=Symbol><span
style='font-family:Symbol'>m</span></font>g/kg body weight. This amount of
microcystin toxin is 278 times greater than the accepted WHO Tolerable Daily
Intake value of 0.04 <font face=Symbol><span style='font-family:Symbol'>m</span></font>g/kg
body weight. As with adults, more swimming events or activities of longer
duration could result in greater exposure.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><b><u><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>Exposure
Routes During Recreational Activities<o:p></o:p></span></font></u></b></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> There are three
main routes of exposure from recreational bathing and participation in water
sports in waters contaminated with cyanobacteria and subsequent microcystin
toxins. These include: 1) direct contact with exposed skin including the
highly sensitive ear, eye, nose and throat membranes, 2) accidental or
intentionally swallowing (oral ingestion), and 3) inhalation of contaminated
water aerosols. Given the data presented and the risk values available, we can
practically address only the potential risk associated with ingestion exposure
in this limited review. Clearly the greatest risk of adverse affects to humans
and animals would be associated with direct deliberate ingestion of
contaminated water as a source of drinking water. However, incidental
ingestion could also present a significant risk, especially for small children,
in recreational settings. Ways to minimize or prevent all routes of exposures
to contaminated reservoir water include prohibiting use of the water body as a
source of drinking water and reducing contact with contaminated water by
limiting and/or prohibiting recreational access.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'> Thank you for the opportunity to comment on
the data set provided. If you have any questions please feel free to call me
at (916) 323-2808. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent style='margin-left:0in'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent style='margin-left:0in'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>cc: George V. Alexeeff,
Ph.D., D.A.B.T.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent style='margin-left:0in'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> Deputy Director
for Scientific Affairs<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent style='margin-left:0in'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> Office of
Environmental Health Hazard Assessment<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent style='margin-left:0in'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent style='margin-left:0in'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> Barbara
Washburn, Ph.D.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent style='margin-left:0in'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> Office of
Environmental Health Hazard Assessment<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent style='margin-left:0in'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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