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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-variant:small-caps;
color:navy'>Natural Resources Defense Council</span></font><font size=1
face=Arial><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
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height=138 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image002.jpg@01C5D409.3496F630"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;
text-indent:-.5in'><b><u><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>The Winnemem Wintu Tribe and Shasta
Dam</span></font></u></b><u><o:p></o:p></u></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><u><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'><o:p><span style='text-decoration:
none'> </span></o:p></span></font></u></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>Conclusions <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>The Winnemem Wintu
Tribe has been harmed by Shasta Dam and the Bureau of Reclamation’s
policies, just as much as the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">McCloud</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">River</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> and its salmon.<o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>The Department of
Interior has not fulfilled its legal commitment to the Winnemem, including
holding cemeteries in trust for the tribe and providing land and money in
compensation for lands lost as a result of the construction of Shasta Dam.<o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>A raise of Shasta
Dam, which NRDC considers to be unwise for environmental and economic
reasons, would also flood most of the Winnemem’s remaining sacred
sites on the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">McCloud</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">River</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>The fact that the
tribe is not legally recognized by the federal government is, to a
significant extent, a result of the construction of Shasta Dam.<o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Federal recognition
would give the Winnemem a more formal voice in the debate regarding Shasta
Dam.<o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><u><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'><o:p><span style='text-decoration:
none'> </span></o:p></span></font></u></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>History and Current Status of the
Winnemem Wintu<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>The Winnemem are a band of the Wintu tribe that has lived for millennia
on the <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">McCloud</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">River</st1:PlaceType>,
a tributary of the Sacramento River in <st1:place w:st="on">Northern California</st1:place>.
In their language, “winnemem” means middle river, referring to the
location of the McCloud, one of three major tributaries of the Sacramento
River, including the mainstem of the Sacramento River, the McCloud and the <st1:place
w:st="on">Pit River</st1:place>. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Pre-contact, there were more than 14,000 Wintu. By 1910 only 400
remained. On August 16<sup>th</sup>, 1851, The Cottonwood treaty, between the
Wintu and the <st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region>
government, was signed at <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Reading</st1:City></st1:place>’s
Ranch. In exchange for giving up other land, the treaty committed to establish
a 35-square mile reservation for the Wintu. However, the United States Congress
refused to ratify the treaty and the Wintu were denied the land promised to
them. In 1944, the US Court of Claims awarded $17 million to <st1:State w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">California</st1:place></st1:State> Indians as a settlement for
losses due to Congress’ failure to ratify seventeen treaties including
the Cottonwood Treaty. The Wintu oppose the settlement and refused to take
payment, believing that it was insufficient. Tribal records show that the
only compensation any Winnemem Wintu tribal member received for this settlement
was one check to Florence Jones for approximately forty dollars. In 1893,
President Grover Cleveland issued land allotments of up to 160 acres to Native
Americans including the Winnemem Wintu. The allotments given to the Winnemem
consisted of their traditional lands along the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">McCloud</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">River</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Today, there are 125 remaining members of the Winnemem. They
continue to practice traditional religious ceremonies that have been passed
down for generations. Many of these ceremonies are still practiced on their
historical sites, sites that are now threatened by the potential raise of
Shasta Dam. The Winnemem are deeply committed to continuing their traditional
way of life. As a result, they have rejected Indian gaming as detrimental to
their traditional values. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>Impacts to the Winnemem of the
Construction of Shasta Dam<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><u><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p><span style='text-decoration:none'> </span></o:p></span></font></u></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>In 1937, a year before construction began on Shasta Dam, the
Winnemem’s land allotments were taken by the federal government in order
to make way for the construction of Shasta and its newly formed
reservoir. The Winnemem received no compensation.<span
class=MsoEndnoteReference><sup> </sup></span> Wintu cemeteries that would
have been destroyed by the construction of Shasta were relocated by the Bureau
of Reclamation. <u><o:p></o:p></u></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>The construction of Shasta Dam in the late 1930’s and early
1940’s submerged 90 percent of the Winnemem tribe’s traditional
lands and many of their cultural and religious sites. Like the tribes on
the Klamath and the Trinity, the Winnemem culture focused on salmon.
Shasta Dam also eliminated salmon from the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">McCloud</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">River</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>
and, thus, damaged the Winnemem’s culture and diet.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>Interior’s Legal
Responsibilities to the Winnemem</span></font></b> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><u><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p><span style='text-decoration:none'> </span></o:p></span></font></u></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>In order to compensate for the losses caused by the construction of
Shasta Dam, the Secretary of the Interior is obligated to take specific actions
established in [Public Law 198] 55 Stat. 612. In 1941, in the midst of the
construction of Shasta Dam, the “CVP Indian Lands Acquisition Act”
was signed into law (55 Stat 612). <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>This law states that “As lands or interests in lands are
designated from time to time under this Act, the Secretary of the Interior
shall determine the amount of money to be paid to the Indians as just and
equitable compensation therefor…” (55 Stat 612 Sec. 2 & 3). The
Wintu were never compensated for the loss of their land.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>This law further states that, “Sites of the relocated cemeteries
shall be held in trust by the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">United
States</st1:country-region></st1:place> for the appropriate tribe, or
family…” (55 Stat 612 Sec. 4). The Wintu cemetery which was
relocated by the Bureau of Reclamation is currently held by the Bureau of Land
Management, but it is not being held in trust for the Wintu. BLM refers
to this site as a historic cemetery, not a cemetery held in trust for any tribe.
Under federal law, BLM cannot hold land in trust for a tribe. BIA is the
federal agency that fulfills this role. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>In short, Interior’s legal and moral obligations were not
met. As a result, the Winnemem Wintu tribe continues to suffer. Honoring
these commitments would assist them in preserving their culture and gaining
federal recognition.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>Tribal Recognition Issues <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>If the Bureau had honored the commitments contained in the CVP Indian
Lands Acquisition Act, it is likely that the Winnemem would be a federally
recognized tribe today. The Bureau would have provided the tribe with
lands to replace those flooded by the dam, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs
would be holding a cemetery in trust for the tribe. When the federal
government began the formal recognition process, tribes for which the US
Government held lands in trust were assumed to be eligible for
recognition. Therefore, one of the many ramifications of the failure to
comply with federal law is that the Winnemem are not a federally recognized
tribe. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><i><u><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'><o:p><span
style='text-decoration:none'> </span></o:p></span></font></u></i></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>The Native American Rights Fund first supported the Winnemem’s
efforts to achieve federal recognition in 1988. Since that time, the
California Council of Tribal Governments and the National Congress of American
Indians have also stated their support of the Winnemem. In addition, in 2004<b><span
style='font-weight:bold'> </span></b>Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell introduced
S. 2879, the “Winnemem Wintu Tribe Clarification and Restoration Act.”
The bill would have established the Winnemem Wintu as a federally acknowledged
tribe and established that the forty-two and a half acres of land they
currently reside on would be taken into trust by the federal government and
deemed the reservation of the Tribe. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>It is significant that S. 2879 included a provision stating that,
“The Tribe shall not have the right to conduct gaming…”
The tribe supported the inclusion of this provision because gaming is not
consistent with their traditional beliefs. (Ironically, if the tribe were
interested in gaming, it would be easier to secure professional representation
to help them obtain recognition.)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>The lack of federal recognition leaves the tribe with a limited voice
in the debate regarding the raise of Shasta Dam. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>The Proposed Raise of Shasta Dam<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>The Bureau of Reclamation is now studying a proposed raise of Shasta
Dam. If the dam is raised it would effectively destroy all of the
remaining religious and cultural sites along the McCloud River of the Winnemem
Wintu, as well as remaining traditional homelands. Given the Winnemem’s
attachment to their traditional lands, raising Shasta Dam could effectively
destroy their way of life and culture. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Some of the Winnemem’s sacred sites are protected under state law
by CA PRC <strong><b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-weight:
normal'>5097.993-5097.994</span></font></b></strong><b><span style='font-weight:
bold'>.</span></b> However, given that many of their remaining sacred
sites are on federal land, the applicability of state law to these sites is
unclear. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) requires federal agencies
to consult with Native Americans regarding projects that could affect sacred
sites. The Bureau has, to date, failed to consult with the Winnemem under the
NHPA. The Bureau claims that they do not yet have an “undertaking,”
which would trigger the NHPA. Given that the Bureau is preparing a
feasibility study to raise Shasta, this certainly seems questionable. It would be
inappropriate, and likely a violation of the NHPA, for the Bureau to conclude
that a Shasta raise is feasible without first complying with the NHPA
requirement for early consultation with tribes and other interested
parties. The Bureau’s position suggests that they may resist
consultations under the NHPA until they are well down the road towards a
commitment to raise Shasta. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>October 13, 2005<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in'><font size=2 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in'><font size=2 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in'><font size=2 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=3 color=gray face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'>Byron Leydecker, </span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=3 color=gray face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'>Chair, Friends of <st1:place w:st="on">Trinity
River</st1:place></span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=3 color=gray face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'>Consultant, California Trout, Inc.</span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:address w:st="on"><st1:Street w:st="on"><em><i><font
size=3 color=gray face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:gray'>PO Box</span></font></i></em></st1:Street><em><i><font
color=gray face="Times New Roman"><span style='color:gray'> 2327</span></font></i></em></st1:address><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><em><i><font
size=3 color=gray face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:gray'>Mill Valley</span></font></i></em></st1:City><em><i><font
color=gray face="Times New Roman"><span style='color:gray'>, <st1:State w:st="on">CA</st1:State>
<st1:PostalCode w:st="on">94942-2327</st1:PostalCode></span></font></i></em></st1:place><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=3 color=gray face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'>415 383 4810 ph</span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=3 color=gray face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'>415 383 9562 fx</span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><u><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><a href="mailto:bwl3@comcast.net">bwl3@comcast.net</a></span></font></u></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><a
href="mailto:bleydecker@stanfordalumni.org">bleydecker@stanfordalumni.org</a><u>
</u></span></font><font color=gray><span style='color:gray'>(secondary)</span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><a href="http://www.fotr.org">http://www.fotr.org</a></span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><a href="http://caltrout.org">http://caltrout.org</a></span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> </span><o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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