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<h1><b><font size=4 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>A</span></font></b><font
size=3><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> fighting chance for the Klamath <br>
Imminent end to salmon season forces the many river users to make tough calls
on priorities for a recovering resource<o:p></o:p></span></font></h1>
<p class=author><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><!-- START WRITER CREDIT--><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><a href="mailto:glenmartin@sfchronicle.com"><!-- END HEADLINE/DECK & SUBHEADLINE/SUBDECK -->Glen
Martin, Chronicle Environment Writer</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=date><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Sunday,
April 2, 2006<o:p></o:p></span><!-- END WRITER CREDIT--></font></p>
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12.0pt'><!-- end #contentheader --><!-- <hr> now part of stylesheet <hr noshade size="1" color="#CCC" />--><!-- START STORY --> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-element:frame'><font size=3
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href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/object/article?f=/c/a/2006/04/02/MNGSHI24OD1.DTL&o=0"><!-- START OBJECT THUMBS AREA--><span
style='text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=64 height=64
id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image001.gif@01C6563D.202E3210" vspace=1
alt="Klamath River Basin. Chronicle graphic by John Blanchard"></span></a><a
href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/object/article?f=/c/a/2006/04/02/MNGSHI24OD1.DTL&o=1"><span
style='text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=64 height=64
id="_x0000_i1026" src="cid:image002.gif@01C6563D.202E3210" vspace=1
alt="Dennis Scott pulls a "stickfish" -- what Yurok fishermen ..."></span></a><a
href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/object/article?f=/c/a/2006/04/02/MNGSHI24OD1.DTL&o=2"><span
style='text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=64 height=64
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alt="Mike Byrne says his family has operated cattle ranches in..."></span></a><a
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style='text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=64 height=64
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alt="The Klamath River, seen here near its intersection with I..."></span></a><a
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<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>These are
times of both deep despair and unprecedented hope for <st1:State w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">California</st1:place></st1:State>'s $100 million salmon industry. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Despair,
because a federal agency is expected this week to recommend either canceling or
severely curtailing the 2006 commercial and sport fishing seasons because of
collapsing stocks on the <st1:place w:st="on">Klamath River</st1:place>. Hope,
because for the first time in years, genuine progress is being made on a
long-term solution to the problem. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Though
the situation is mired in competing scientific theories, lawsuits and political
skirmishing, the bottom line is fairly simple: There are plenty of Chinook
salmon in the ocean now, but most of them originated in the <st1:place w:st="on">Sacramento
River</st1:place>. Salmon from the <st1:place w:st="on">Klamath River</st1:place>,
once a producer of millions of fish, are at all-time lows, compelling federal
protections. Fewer than 30,000 Klamath Chinook salmon are expected to return to
the river this year, well below the 35,000 fish biologists say are needed to
sustain the runs. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>And
because both populations mingle in the open sea, fishing for Sacramento River
Chinook could imperil the Klamath salmon that remain. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Though
some biologists say part of the decline is due to poor marine conditions, most
researchers say the main problem with the Klamath's salmon is the river itself.
Over the years, it has become inhospitable to fish. Much of its water is
diverted for agriculture, reducing flows critical to salmon. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>The water
that remains is excessively warm, heated by reservoirs in the river's upper
reaches. It is also contaminated with both natural and agricultural nutrients,
as well as a toxic blue-green algae that thrives in the tepid reservoirs. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"There
are a whole host of challenges," said <st1:PersonName w:st="on">Steve
Thompson</st1:PersonName>, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's operations
director for <st1:State w:st="on">California</st1:State> and <st1:State w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Nevada</st1:place></st1:State>. "The simple fact is that more
demands have been put on the river than it can support." <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Poor
river conditions have beleaguered the river's salmon for decades, but things
came to an ugly head in September 2002, when warm water and infestations of a
small aquatic parasite, Ceratomyxa shasta, killed about 70,000 mature Chinook
and an unknown number of Coho salmon. The next spring, low water and parasites
wiped out thousands of young salmon. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Though
the two incidents are not directly related, the fish kills came on the heels of
a farmer rebellion. After a court decision in 2000 that deprived them of water,
basin irrigators staged protests. The next year, the Bush administration turned
the spigot back on to the fields, again reducing water availability for fish. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>And now,
with the Pacific Fishery Management Council poised this week to recommend to
the U.S. Secretary of Commerce to close all or most of the 2006 season,
commercial, tribal and sport fisheries face oblivion. Restaurants and consumers
also will feel the pinch. Nor are farmers secure. A federal court last week
directed immediate implementation of a plan to increase flows to the river to
protect Coho salmon, a <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Pacific</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Coast</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> species smaller
than the Chinook, which is listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered
Species Act. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Further
demands could be made on agricultural water to sustain the Klamath's Chinook
runs and provide more water to the Klamath and Tule Lake National Wildlife
Refuges, two important reserves for migratory waterfowl. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Though
stakeholders have fought in the past, the current situation has drained much of
the bile from the dialogue. If there is a silver lining to the cloud
threatening the salmon season, it is this: Everyone is desperate for a
solution, and compromise seems possible as never before. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Two
things have made an agreement possible. First, in April, the major hydropower
dams on the river are scheduled for a 50-year reauthorization by the Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission. If the dams are to be improved for fish passage
-- or removed entirely -- it has to happen now, under new guidelines issued by
the commission. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>The dams
are owned by PacifiCorp, which has applied to the commission for their
relicensing. Ultimately, FERC could approve relicensing the dams, which would
allow them to operate for the next five decades. Or it could require such
expensive fish passage mitigation that PacifiCorp might negotiate for dam
removal. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Just as
significant as dam relicensing are discussions among farmers, fishermen, native
tribes, environmentalists, federal and state regulatory agencies, and local
governments. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"For
the first time, people in the watershed are having a tough, respectful dialogue
about solutions," Thompson said. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>The
weather is still cold and blustery in the river's upper basin, and irrigation
is weeks off. But water is foremost in the farmers' thoughts. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"I think
it's becoming clear that government isn't going to be able to find a solution
for this," said Mike Byrne, a cattle rancher from Malin, a minuscule town
just north of the Oregon/California border. "I think the people are going
to have to do it." <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Byrne,
whose family has been ranching in Malin since the late 19th century, said the
only way to devise a settlement is "to make sure everyone is taken care
of, that no one group bears the entire burden." <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>For
fisheries advocates, dam removal tops the "must do" list. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"There's
every good reason to take <st1:place w:st="on">Iron Gate</st1:place> and Copco
(dams) out," said <st1:PersonName w:st="on">Glen Spain</st1:PersonName>,
the president of the Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations,
referring to the two largest reservoirs on the river. "They heat the river
to lethal levels, and they're breeding grounds for toxic algae and C. shasta,
the parasite that kills the salmon." <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Environmentalists
were cheered last week when the U.S. Department of the Interior and the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration called for fish passage around
the dams. The positions of the agencies bolster the cause for dam removal,
because fish ladders are widely viewed as an inadequate remedy to the Klamath's
problems. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>PacifiCorp
hasn't yet indicated its position. David Kvamme, a spokesman for PacifiCorp,
said the company has been involved in dam relicensing on six northwestern
rivers, and has agreed to dam removal on three of them. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"We
are involved in confidential talks with Klamath stakeholders right now, so we
can't discuss details," Kvamme said. "But we're open to anything that
is practical and in the interests of our customers, shareholders and the state
commissions that work with us." <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>The dams
deliver electricity to the basin. But that doesn't mean the agricultural
community would necessarily oppose dam removal, said Greg Addington, executive
director of the Klamath Water Users Association. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"We
need to know we have guarantees on water, and, if the dams come out, on power
from other sources,'' Addington said. "And if (federally endangered or
threatened fish) return to the basin, we may need protection from endangered
species regulation. But if we can be sure we have a safe harbor, nothing is off
the table." <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Water
releases also are a point of contention. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation says it
diverts up to 300,000 acre feet of water from the Klamath system for farmers.
The Oregon Water Resources Department has assessed the amount at about 400,000
acre feet. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>In any
event, Reclamation notes, that's only about 5 percent of the river's average
annual flow. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>But Paul
Heikkila, a biologist with <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Oregon</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">State</st1:PlaceType> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>,
said the figures are deceptive. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"They
basically incorporate all the water that goes down the watershed, including the
huge runoffs from winter storm events," Heikkila said. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>The real
issue, Heikkila said, is the timing of releases. Currently, he said, the bureau
holds back water during the late winter and early spring, when young salmon
need higher flows. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"And
they also provide insufficient summer flows, allowing the river to heat up and
encourage C. shasta infestation in returning adult fish," he said. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Perhaps
no group feels the paucity of Klamath fish more acutely than the three Indian
tribes -- the Karuk, Hupa and Yurok -- which live on ancestral lands below Iron
Gate Reservoir. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>For the
Yurok, the Klamath's fish -- not just salmon, but sturgeon, steelhead trout,
suckers and lamprey eels -- have been a source of both physical and spiritual
sustenance. The tribe -- which is a key participant in the current stakeholder
negotiations -- has enforced conservation fishing closures on its own members.
But despair among the Yuroks runs deep as stocks continue to dwindle. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"I
go on my back deck and look at the river, and all I feel is horror," said
Ray Mattz, a tribal councilman. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Salmon
was once the essential staple for the Yuroks, said tribal member Tommy Willson
-- but now, he said, there aren't even enough fish to use as sacraments during
religious ceremonies. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"I've
fished on this river all my life," said Willson, who started a program to
provide Yurok elders with smoked salmon. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"The
elders were so happy when they started getting fish from us," he said.
"But in the last few years, the salmon numbers have been so low that we
can't take care of all the old people who need our help. For us, that's a
terrible thing." <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>On any
given day, several tribal members can be found working the mouth of the <st1:place
w:st="on">Klamath River</st1:place>. Right now, they're setting gill nets for
steelhead and snagging eel-like lampreys with handmade gaffs that have handles
carved to represent the lamprey's distinctive head -- tubular, with circular
gill openings and a sucker-like mouth. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>On the
beach near the Klamath's mouth recently, Mattz chatted with Glenn and Dennis
Scott, Yuroks who were trying to catch a few lamprey and steelhead. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"No
luck so far," said Glenn Scott, who remained sunny and optimistic despite
the poor fishing. "When I was younger, you could come out here and fill
four or five gunnysacks with eels," Scott said. "Now, you're lucky to
catch one for supper." <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>His nephew,
Dennis, pulled a gill net, hoping a steelhead or two might be entwined among
the mesh. The only thing he caught was a large log. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"See
more and more of those," he said, "and fewer and fewer fish." <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:PersonName w:st="on"><em><i><font size=3 color=gray
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'>Byron
Leydecker</span></font></i></em></st1:PersonName><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=3 color=gray face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'>Chair, Friends of <st1:place w:st="on">Trinity
River</st1:place></span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=3 color=gray face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'>Advisor, California Trout, Inc</span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:address w:st="on"><st1:Street w:st="on"><em><i><font
size=3 color=gray face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:gray'>PO Box</span></font></i></em></st1:Street><em><i><font
color=gray face="Times New Roman"><span style='color:gray'> 2327</span></font></i></em></st1:address><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><em><i><font
size=3 color=gray face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:gray'>Mill Valley</span></font></i></em></st1:City><em><i><font
color=gray face="Times New Roman"><span style='color:gray'>, <st1:State w:st="on">CA</st1:State>
<st1:PostalCode w:st="on">94942-2327</st1:PostalCode></span></font></i></em></st1:place><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=3 color=gray face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'>415 383 4810 ph</span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=3 color=gray face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'>415 383 9562 fx</span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><a href="mailto:bwl3@comcast.net">bwl3@comcast.net</a></span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><a href="mailto:bleydecker@stanfordalumni.org">bleydecker@stanfordalumni.org</a></span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><a href="http://www.fotr.org">http://www.fotr.org</a></span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><i><u><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'>http:www.caltrout.org</span></font></u><font
color=lime><span style='color:lime'> </span></font></i></em><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> </span><o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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