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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Below is the abstract from a recent paper in the journal Science
and also an article in the Oregonian about the research which took place on the
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Hood</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">River</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Seth<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1027" style='position:absolute;
z-index:1' from="0,9.75pt" to="135.75pt,9.75pt" /><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span
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size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<br style='mso-ignore:vglayout' clear=ALL>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Seth W. Naman</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Fisheries Biologist</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Yurok Tribal Fisheries Program</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Office: 530-625-4130</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Fax: 530-625-4148</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Cell: 707-498-8236</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>From the journal Science…<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<h2><em><b><i><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-weight:normal'>Science</span></font></i></b></em><font size=3><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'> 5 October 2007:<br>
Vol. 318. no. 5847, pp. 100 - 103<br>
DOI: 10.1126/science.1145621<o:p></o:p></span></font></h2>
<h2><b><font size=5 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:18.0pt'>Reports<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></h2>
<h2><b><font size=5 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:18.0pt'><!-- BEGIN: legacy HTML content --><!--RESUMEHIGHLIGHT-->Genetic
Effects of Captive Breeding Cause a Rapid, Cumulative Fitness Decline in the
Wild<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></h2>
<p class=MsoNormal><strong><nobr><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Hitoshi Araki,<sup>*</sup></nobr> <nobr>Becky Cooper,</nobr>
<nobr>Michael S. Blouin</nobr> </span></font></b></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Captive
breeding is used to supplement populations of many species<sup> </sup>that are
declining in the wild. The suitability of and long-term<sup> </sup>species
survival from such programs remain largely untested,<sup> </sup>however. We
measured lifetime reproductive success of the first<sup> </sup>two generations
of steelhead trout that were reared in captivity<sup> </sup>and bred in the
wild after they were released. By reconstructing<sup> </sup>a three-generation
pedigree with microsatellite markers, we<sup> </sup>show that genetic effects
of domestication reduce subsequent<sup> </sup>reproductive capabilities by <img
width=8 height=6 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image004.gif@01C80B7C.92F8AC80"
alt="~" border=0>40% per captive-reared generation<sup> </sup>when fish are
moved to natural environments. These results suggest<sup> </sup>that even a few
generations of domestication may have negative<sup> </sup>effects on natural
reproduction in the wild and that the repeated<sup> </sup>use of captive-reared
parents to supplement wild populations<sup> </sup>should be carefully
reconsidered.<sup> </sup><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=2 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Department
of Zoology, 3029 <st1:City w:st="on">Cordley Hall</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">Oregon</st1:State>
State University <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Corvallis</st1:City>,
<st1:State w:st="on">OR</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode w:st="on">97331</st1:PostalCode>,
<st1:country-region w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place>. </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><a name=COR1><!-- null --></a><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: <a
href="mailto:arakih@science.oregonstate.edu"><span id=em0>arakih@science.oregonstate.edu</a></span><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>From the
Oregonian…<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><a
href="http://www.oregonlive.com/oregonian/stories/index.ssf?/base/news/119155652355280.xml&coll=7&thispage=2">http://www.oregonlive.com/oregonian/stories/index.ssf?/base/news/119155652355280.xml&coll=7&thispage=2</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<h1><b><font size=5 face=Arial><span style='font-size:16.0pt'>Hatchery fish
found to be poor at survival <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>Genetics - A study indicates
steelhead are so bad at surviving that they are little help to wild runs </span></font></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Friday, October 05, 2007<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>MICHAEL MILSTEIN <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'>The Oregonian Staff</span></font></b>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Steelhead
turned out by hatcheries quickly evolve into a kind of swimming livestock with
a poor chance of surviving in the wild and may carry their inferior traits into
wild populations that biologists are trying to save, a new study of fish in
Oregon's Hood River has found. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>The <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Oregon</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">State</st1:PlaceType>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> research,
published Thursday in the journal Science, raises questions about the common
practice of trying to rebuild wild populations by adding legions of hatchery
fish. The study looked only at steelhead, but its findings may also extend to
other species such as salmon. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"The
assumption is that these fish we're adding are just as fit as the wild
ones," said Michael Blouin, the OSU professor who directed the research.
"What we see is a dramatic decline in fitness that's surprising." <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;display:none'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p><a name=continue></a><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>Other scientists found the results especially stunning
because of how quickly hatchery fish, in successive generations, lost the
talents that make wild salmon and steelhead superior survivors. Researchers
measure the reproductive fitness of fish by the number of their offspring that
survive to adulthood; for hatchery-raised fish, that declined nearly 40 percent
per generation. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"The
magnitude of the change is off the scale," said Mark Chilcote, an Oregon
Department of Fish and Wildlife biologist who was not involved in the research.
"I can understand why it would happen. I just don't understand why it
would happen so quickly." <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Sheltered
environments seem to help fish survive even with traits that would handicap
them -- and their offspring -- in the wild, researchers said. The hatchery fish
then carry those handicaps with them when they're released into rivers, where
they find themselves at serious disadvantage. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"This
study just shows the power of natural selection," Blouin said. Hatchery
fish rapidly become "highly domesticated," he said. "They're
like a form of livestock. When they go out and reproduce in the wild, they
don't do very well." <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>It's not
clear exactly what characteristics handicap the hatchery fish, he said. They
may not survive the rough ocean as well, or they may lay their eggs in poor
locations. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>The
research was possible because state biologists collect scales from fish
returning to the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Hood</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">River</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> to spawn. The OSU
scientists extracted DNA from the scales and used it to decipher the family
tree of each fish. That tells them which ones had hatchery-raised parents, and
how many survived their rigorous life cycles, which take them from their home
stream to the ocean and back again. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>The OSU
scientists previously published research looking at the first generation of
hatchery fish. But the research published Thursday carried the study to
successive generations, concluding that the more generations fish spend in
hatcheries, the worse they do in the wild. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>That
doesn't matter so much if a hatchery is producing fish for people to catch and
eat. But it does matter if it's turning out fish to rebuild struggling wild
populations. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><b><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-weight:bold'>"No evidence" </span></font></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"There's
no evidence that actually works," Blouin said. "Now there's enough
evidence to make one a little worried." <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>It's also
possible that the large numbers of hatchery fish added to streams outweighs
their genetic drawbacks, he said. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;display:none'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Still,
the practice of adding hatchery fish to rivers may hide underlying problems --
such as deteriorating habitat conditions -- that keep the wild fish from
recovering on their own. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"Unless
you fix the habitat, hatchery fish are just a crutch," Blouin said.
"You're just putting out lots of fish to keep the wild fish from going
extinct." <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>But
hatcheries do play a vital role in keeping salmon populations going in the face
of hydroelectric dams that kill many young fish and loss of habitat, said Peter
Galbreath, a fisheries scientist at the Columbia River Intertribal Fish
Commission, which represents Northwest tribes on fisheries issues. He agrees
there are drawbacks to hatchery fish, though he doubts they're as severe as
Blouin's research suggests. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Either
way, there are few other options to keep enough fish in rivers to fulfill the
treaty rights of Northwest tribes that depend on salmon, he said. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>"Natural
production has not been able to maintain populations, and the populations have
crashed," he said. "The tribes would be the first ones to want to
shut down hatcheries, (but) it is really the only option left that can provide,
in the short term, substantive increases in abundance." <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Michael
Milstein: 503-294-7689; michaelmilstein@ news.oregonian.com<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> </span><o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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