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<DIV><FONT style="FONT: 12px Helvetica; COLOR: #000000" face=Helvetica
color=#000000 size=3><B>From: </B></FONT><FONT style="FONT: 12px Helvetica"
face=Helvetica size=3>"Craig Tucker" <<A
href="mailto:ctucker@karuk.us">ctucker@karuk.us</A>></FONT></DIV>
<DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE type="cite">
<DIV style="MARGIN: 0px"><FONT style="FONT: 12px Helvetica; COLOR: #000000"
face=Helvetica color=#000000 size=3><B>Date: </B></FONT><FONT
style="FONT: 12px Helvetica" face=Helvetica size=3>June 23, 2008 9:42:28 AM
PDT</FONT></DIV>
<DIV style="MARGIN: 0px"><FONT style="FONT: 12px Helvetica; COLOR: #000000"
face=Helvetica color=#000000 size=3><B>To: </B></FONT><FONT
style="FONT: 12px Helvetica" face=Helvetica size=3><<A
href="mailto:FOR_Guides_Activists@yahoogroups.com">FOR_Guides_Activists@yahoogroups.com</A>></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style="MARGIN: 0px"><FONT style="FONT: 12px Helvetica; COLOR: #000000"
face=Helvetica color=#000000 size=3><B>Cc: </B></FONT><FONT
style="FONT: 12px Helvetica" face=Helvetica size=3>"Steve Evans" <<A
href="mailto:sevans@friendsoftheriver.org">sevans@friendsoftheriver.org</A>>,
"'Jeff Mitchell'" <<A
href="mailto:mohiswaqs@aol.com">mohiswaqs@aol.com</A>>, "'Larry Dunsmoor'"
<<A href="mailto:LKDunsmoor@aol.com">LKDunsmoor@aol.com</A>>, "'David
Nesmith'" <<A href="mailto:c@davidnesmith.com">c@davidnesmith.com</A>>,
"'Julia<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>McIver'" <<A
href="mailto:babymoon@sbcglobal.net">babymoon@sbcglobal.net</A>>, <<A
href="mailto:mervgeorge@hotmail.com">mervgeorge@hotmail.com</A>>, "'Kathy
McCovey'" <<A href="mailto:kmccovey@fs.fed.us">kmccovey@fs.fed.us</A>>,
"'Katie Ulvestad'" <<A
href="mailto:Katie@pantarhea.org">Katie@pantarhea.org</A>>, "'Diana Cohn'"
<<A
href="mailto:diana@pantarhea.org">diana@pantarhea.org</A>></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style="MARGIN: 0px"><FONT style="FONT: 12px Helvetica; COLOR: #000000"
face=Helvetica color=#000000 size=3><B>Subject: </B></FONT><FONT
style="FONT: 12px Helvetica" face=Helvetica size=3><B>FW: Peace on the
Klamath</B></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style="MIN-HEIGHT: 14px; MARGIN: 0px"><BR></DIV><SPAN
class=Apple-style-span
style="WORD-SPACING: 0px; FONT: 12px Helvetica; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; WHITE-SPACE: normal; LETTER-SPACING: normal; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; orphans: 2; widows: 2; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0"><O:SMARTTAGTYPE
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namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"><O:SMARTTAGTYPE
name="Street"
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"><O:SMARTTAGTYPE
name="country-region"
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"><O:SMARTTAGTYPE
name="PlaceType"
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"><O:SMARTTAGTYPE
name="PlaceName"
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"><O:SMARTTAGTYPE
name="address"
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"><O:SMARTTAGTYPE
name="City"
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"><O:SMARTTAGTYPE
name="State"
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"><O:SMARTTAGTYPE
name="place" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags">
<DIV class=Section1>
<DIV
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Probably the most
accurate account of the effort to restore the
Klamath….<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><STRONG><B><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">S. Craig Tucker,
Ph.D.</SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG><FONT color=navy><SPAN
style="COLOR: navy"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Klamath Campaign
Coordinator</SPAN></FONT><FONT color=navy><SPAN
style="COLOR: navy"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Karuk Tribe of<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:STATE w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE
w:st="on">California</ST1:PLACE></ST1:STATE></SPAN></FONT><FONT
color=navy><SPAN style="COLOR: navy"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">NEW NUMBER home
office: 707-839-1982</SPAN></FONT><FONT color=navy><SPAN
style="COLOR: navy"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Tribal office in<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:CITY w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE
w:st="on">Orleans</ST1:PLACE></ST1:CITY>: 530-627-3446
x3027</SPAN></FONT><FONT color=navy><SPAN
style="COLOR: navy"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">cell:
916-207-8294</SPAN></FONT><FONT color=navy><SPAN
style="COLOR: navy"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><A
href="mailto:ctucker@karuk.us">ctucker@karuk.us</A></SPAN></FONT><FONT
color=navy><SPAN style="COLOR: navy"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=navy size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: navy"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><A
style="COLOR: blue; TEXT-DECORATION: underline"
href="http://www.karuk.us">www.karuk.us</A></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV
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style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Begin forwarded
message:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></DIV></DIV>
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<P
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align=right><FONT face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
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<DIV id=article-content>
<DIV>
<H2
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><B><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=5><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></B></H2>
<H2 id=articletitle
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><B><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=5><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></B></H2>
<H2 id=articletitle
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><B><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=5><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Peace on the
Klamath<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></B></H2>
<DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN
class=article-type><FONT face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Feature
article</SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-converted-space><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">-<SPAN
class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN class=article-date>June 23,
2008</SPAN><SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN
class=article-author>by Matt
Jenkins</SPAN><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<H4
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><B><I><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">The
enemies in the West's most vicious water war have finally reached a ceasefire.
This is the story of how it happened.</SPAN></FONT></I></B><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black><SPAN
style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></H4>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">On an April
afternoon alive with light, Troy Fletcher -- an imposing Yurok Indian who
could pass for a bouncer -- is knocking together tuna-salad sandwiches in the
kitchen of his new house, a doublewide that got trucked in from the coast
three days ago. He's wearing Hawaiian shorts and a T-shirt that says "The
Future is Ours." A flat-panel TV drones on in the living room, and a hot tub
sits out back, waiting to be hooked up. Fletcher, who is 46, pads to the
fridge for a Budweiser and says: "I've been waiting forever for this." The
reference is only partly to the house.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Here, where
the<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACENAME
w:st="on">lower Klamath</ST1:PLACENAME><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACETYPE
w:st="on">River</ST1:PLACETYPE><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>winds down into the gorges of<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:STATE
w:st="on">California</ST1:STATE>'s<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACE w:st="on"><ST1:PLACENAME
w:st="on">North</ST1:PLACENAME><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACETYPE
w:st="on">Coast</ST1:PLACETYPE></ST1:PLACE>, the river is a world unto itself.
This is an isolated and truly wild piece of country, a place that seems to
live by its own rules. It is Bigfoot's reputed stomping ground. It is also
home to several tribes of coastal Indians whose cultures revolve around the
river's salmon and steelhead, and who can smoke a fish into
sublimity.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Not just this
stretch of the river but the entire basin -- which reaches several hundred
miles inland into the<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:STATE
w:st="on">Oregon</ST1:STATE><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>high desert and covers an area about
the size of<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:COUNTRY-REGION
w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE w:st="on">Denmark</ST1:PLACE></ST1:COUNTRY-REGION><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>-- is known for something else. No
other corner of the West has seemed so determined to live up to the maxim,
endlessly misattributed to Mark Twain, that "whiskey's for drinkin' and
water's for fightin' over." That attitude has attained a triple-distilled kick
here, in a running battle between Indians, environmentalists, fishermen and a
notoriously combative band of farmers 200 miles up the
river.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Fletcher has
variously served as the Yurok's executive director, fisheries director and
now, policy advisor, and he has been as deep in the fight as anyone. The<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACE w:st="on">Klamath
River</ST1:PLACE><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>was once home
to the third-largest salmon run on the West Coast. But fish populations
plunged when dams blocked salmon and steelhead from the upper reaches of the
river, where they spawn, and irrigation drained off much of the river's
water.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">For decades, the
situation somehow wobbled clear of a full-blown crisis. Then, in 2001 a severe
drought hit. To save fish protected by the Endangered Species Act, the federal
government shut off the farmers' irrigation water -- and incited an
insurrection that brought death threats, a shooting spree and the intervention
of federal marshals. A year later, the government made sure the farmers got
their water -- and caused a massive salmon die-off that enraged the river's
Indians. From a distance, the situation has seemed irredeemable. But for the
past three years, Fletcher and his erstwhile enemies have been trying to
negotiate the shape of their future together. They have sought to keep all
their communities going, and the effort has forced everyone to tackle the most
volatile parts of the river's rip-roarin'
politics.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">"We've been in
the fight for ages," Fletcher says. "But we can't afford to litigate for
decades and watch our fish continue to die."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">The negotiation
process has been as tortuous as the river's run through the canyons, and it
has been tightly wrapped in secrecy. But after 90 years, salmon will soon be
bound once more for the river's upper reaches. And the long-warring parties
say they have laid the groundwork to sustain native fish, farming and Indian
communities, creating a peace on the river that can
last.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">"We turned the
traditional alliances upside-down," Fletcher says. "Now you've got the deck
shuffled, and it makes no rhyme or reason who's out or who's
in."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><B><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Two
hundred miles up the river</SPAN></FONT></B><FONT face=Helvetica color=black
size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">,
not far from Mount Shasta's snowy flanks, the farms of the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACENAME
w:st="on">Upper</ST1:PLACENAME><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACENAME
w:st="on">Klamath</ST1:PLACENAME><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACETYPE
w:st="on">Basin</ST1:PLACETYPE><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>fit together in an awkward jigsaw
with the remnants of<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACENAME
w:st="on">Tule</ST1:PLACENAME><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACETYPE
w:st="on">Lake</ST1:PLACETYPE><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACE w:st="on"><ST1:PLACENAME
w:st="on">lower Klamath</ST1:PLACENAME><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACETYPE
w:st="on">Lake</ST1:PLACETYPE></ST1:PLACE>.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">This was
originally the land of the Klamath and Modoc Indians, who were hunted down,
rounded up, and deposited on a reservation that was subsequently dissolved. In
their place came Czech and Irish immigrants and, later, veterans returning
from the First and Second World Wars, who drew lots for homesteads out of a
pickle jar in the town of<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:CITY w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE
w:st="on">Tulelake</ST1:PLACE></ST1:CITY>.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"><BR><BR>The area
is unabashed meat-and-potatoes farm country. No frisee gets grown here, and no
mache, either. The main crops on the roughly 1,200 farms here are alfalfa for
dairy and beef cattle, wheat, and potatoes, which usually end up sliced and
fried and Frito-Lay'd. Some farmers do a middling commerce in things like
mint, horseradish, and strawberry seedlings.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Like much of the
West's farm country, the Klamath has suffered from a surfeit of optimism
running all the way back to the days of Theodore Roosevelt. The crusade to
irrigate the desert parceled out too much water to too many people, leaving
the region's native fish and wildlife to go, quite literally,
belly-up.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Nothing has done
more to tilt the scales back toward something like balance than the Endangered
Species Act. The 1973 law effectively grants a water right to endangered
species like coho salmon -- though only enough for minimum "survival" flows,
and only when species are in imminent peril of extinction. But many farmers
here saw even that as regulatory overkill: Flows to preserve endangered
species supersede all existing water rights, upending the Western water
hierarchy in which farmers typically have first
place.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">The tension
between water priorities for farming and those for wildlife had long been
growing throughout the region, but it was in 2001 in the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACE w:st="on"><ST1:PLACENAME
w:st="on">Klamath</ST1:PLACENAME><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACETYPE
w:st="on">Basin</ST1:PLACETYPE></ST1:PLACE><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>that things finally blew up more
spectacularly than anywhere else. That year, the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACE w:st="on"><ST1:PLACENAME
w:st="on">Klamath</ST1:PLACENAME><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACETYPE
w:st="on">Basin</ST1:PLACETYPE></ST1:PLACE><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>received just a third of its average
annual precipitation. On April 6, the federal government announced that it
needed to keep water in the river for coho salmon -- which are classified as
threatened under the Endangered Species Act -- and in Upper Klamath Lake for
the endangered<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACE
w:st="on"><ST1:PLACENAME w:st="on">Lost</ST1:PLACENAME><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACETYPE
w:st="on">River</ST1:PLACETYPE></ST1:PLACE><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and shortnose sucker fish. The Bureau
of Reclamation cranked the headgate on the farmers' canal closed and locked it
down.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Many farmers had
already planted their crops when the water was shut off; all told, Klamath
farmers lost between $27 million and $47 million that year. Some were
literally ruined, and the headgate in the town of<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:CITY w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE
w:st="on">Klamath Falls</ST1:PLACE></ST1:CITY><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>quickly became the stage for some
hard-core political theater. Farmers organized a protest there that dragged on
throughout the summer. Armed with cutting torches and power saws, they
reopened the headgate four times.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">"You're dealing
with farmers: They can handle anything," says Bill Ransom, who helped organize
the protest. "(The federal agencies) were gonna have to do a lot more than
they did to keep it closed." In between assaults on the headgate, the farmers
grilled salmon. The fish weren't from endangered runs, but still, the point
was clear.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Finally, in July,
the federal government deployed law-enforcement agents from around the region
to guard the headgate. The whole affair took on the feel of a tent revival --
or, in its own weird way, a civil-rights march. "The day they came, the people
there linked arms around the headgate and started singin' hymns," Ransom says.
"It kind of dumbfounded them, I think."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">The FOX News
satellite trucks weren't far behind the marshals -- and a growing din from the
right proclaimed that environmentalists and the federal government were using
the Endangered Species Act as a weapon for "rural cleansing." The drama was
very consciously stage-managed, but the situation was truly volatile. And
emotions eventually came uncorked. In December, three local men in their 20s
terrorized the town of<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:CITY
w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE w:st="on">Chiloquin</ST1:PLACE></ST1:CITY>, the center of
the Klamath Indian tribes, firing a shotgun at buildings and signs and
taunting the Indians as "sucker lovers."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">The farmers
themselves were far more methodical. They hired the most notorious
private-property rights lawyer in the country to seek a billion-dollar
indemnity from the feds (that case still lingers in the courts, with uncertain
prospects). And they begged Karl Rove to get their water back. In 2002, with
the help of Dick Cheney, they succeeded -- only to cause the die-off of tens
of thousands of salmon.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"><BR><BR>That fish
kill seemed a sort of desecration for all the Indian tribes on the Klamath --
not to mention the hundreds of commercial fishermen who were shut out by
subsequent, last-ditch government fishing bans meant to protect the
increasingly beleaguered salmon runs. The entire situation seemed to be
wobbling more wildly than ever before.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><B><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">At
the eastern edge of Klamath Falls</SPAN></FONT></B><FONT face=Helvetica
color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">, not far past
the county fairgrounds, the Klamath Water Users Association's office is tucked
into a spartan mini-mall that's also home to a custom boot shop and a pizza
joint. Greg Addington, a Carhartts-and-Skoal kind of guy, runs the
association; essentially, he was deputized by the farmers to defend their
water rights. When Addington started in early 2005, he says, "I only knew,
'Troy Fletcher: He's a bad guy.' He was Public Enemy #1
here."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">That was before
Addington spent three years negotiating with
Fletcher.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">After 2002, there
were several attempts to talk about resolving the problems, but they went
nowhere: The wounds were too raw. Sometime in the fall of 2004, however --
after the farmers lost several key legal fights -- things started to
change.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">The Bureau of
Reclamation had sponsored a series of several-day "listening sessions" meant
to initiate some kind of dialogue. It was a woo-woo, pass-the-talking-stick
sort of deal that the farmers and Indians normally wouldn't be caught dead
at.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">"They were really
painful," says Troy Fletcher. "It's hard to sit through two days of 'talk
about your feelings.' It really sucked." Yet as long as any one of the warring
parties attended the sessions and spoke out, none of the others could afford
to stay home.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Then, in March
2005, at a listening session in the town of<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:CITY w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE
w:st="on">Tulelake</ST1:PLACE></ST1:CITY>, the microphone came around to
Fletcher. For reasons he still struggles to fully explain, he took a deep
breath and said: "I don't know all the answers here, but I do know that what
we've been doing just isn't working. Let's do a ceasefire and start trying to
work on some stuff together."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">For a lot of
veterans of the water fight -- even people on Fletcher's side -- it sounded
like some sort of setup. "This is a very long war. My entire life, all I've
known is the fight with the irrigators," says Leaf Hillman, the vice-chairman
of the Karuk Tribe, whose members live downstream near the Yurok
Reservation.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Hillman, who has
a congenital disdain for happy talk, and a thick braided ponytail you could
ring a bell with, didn't attend the Tulelake meeting. He sent one of the
tribe's biologists instead.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">"My guy, as part
of reporting back, said, 'You know,<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:CITY w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE
w:st="on">Troy</ST1:PLACE></ST1:CITY><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>stood up and said we need a
ceasefire.' He said it was a genuinely moving moment," Hillman recalled. "I
looked at him and I laughed. I said, 'You don't know<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:CITY w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE
w:st="on">Troy</ST1:PLACE></ST1:CITY>. That sounds like a brilliant damn<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACE
w:st="on">Troy</ST1:PLACE><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>moment where he's hooked some people
into believing that he actually believes this shit.'
"<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">But that moment
signaled the first real thaw in relations. "About a week or two later we set a
meeting, where we brought Greg and a bunch of people down," says Fletcher.
"And that's where I think we really started zeroing in. Us and the Karuk kind
of jointly reached out to these guys, and fumbled through a couple
meetings."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">They met in a
room at the back of the Karuk tribal housing office in Yreka and "spent about
four hours hashing it out," Hillman says. "We started laying stuff out there
honestly, away from any audience, where we didn't have to posture for the
media. It was the first attempt to bring the tribes and the irrigators in a
room by themselves, away from the spotlight, to say, 'Look, we all are in bad
shape here.' "<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><B><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Imagine
that you are a mama coho</SPAN></FONT></B><SPAN
class=apple-converted-space><FONT face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">in ... oh, say,
1918. Halfway around the world, the Great War is winding down. And here you
are, chugging in from the sea to lay your eggs, following your nose up the
Klamath back to the creek where you were born.<SPAN
class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I><SPAN
style="FONT-STYLE: italic">Swim on, old girl, swim
home!</SPAN></I><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"><BR><BR>You
struggle hard. And then, 210 miles up the river, in a narrow, rocky gorge
where the water comes sluicing down, you wriggle through the rapids and
--<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I><SPAN
style="FONT-STYLE: italic">bonk!</SPAN></I><SPAN
class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN>-- smack face-first into the toe of a
brand-new dam called Copco 1. Behind it, you smell 350 miles of river and
streams and creeks beckoning, but they are no longer
yours.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">That dam was the
first of four on the river that now spin out electricity for PacifiCorp, a
utility owned by investor Warren Buffet's company Berkshire Hathaway. It is
only because of a pair of fish hatcheries that the Klamath salmon runs have
persisted into the 21st century.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Tribes like the
Yurok, not surprisingly, have long thought that the dams need to come down.
The farmers, on the other hand, saw PacifiCorp as an ally. For one thing, the
company's dams keep salmon -- and at least some of the regulatory headaches
that trail endangered fish -- from making it as far up the river as the
irrigation project. It didn't hurt that PacifiCorp kept the irrigators flush
in cut-rate power, either.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">As it happened,
negotiations over the dams' future had just gotten under way at about the same
time the Indians and farmers began talking. The operating licenses for the
dams -- issued by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, or FERC -- were up
for renewal. And PacifiCorp, hoping to head off lawsuits, began gathering
practically everyone who had a stake in the river to negotiate the terms and
conditions of its new licenses.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Ultimately, that
included the Klamath farmers; the Yurok, Karuk, Hoopa and Klamath tribes;
commercial salmon fishermen; several federal agencies; and a number of
environmental groups -- altogether, some 28 different governments and
organizations. Throughout 2005, their representatives holed up in hotels in
various towns in Northern California and southern<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:STATE w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE
w:st="on">Oregon</ST1:PLACE></ST1:STATE><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>to
negotiate.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">At first, the
talks focused narrowly on the dams' licenses. But in the evenings, after
negotiations ended for the day, Addington and Fletcher occasionally shared a
beer in hotel bars and had what Addington refers to as "off-line
conversations." In the beginning, they stuck to safe subjects, like their
kids. But eventually, they edged back toward the conversation that began in
the back room in Yreka.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">In one sense, the
early talks were a way to run through some of the rumor and rhetoric that
dominated each side's pronouncements in the wake of the water showdown. "I got
to a point where I just trusted<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:CITY w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE
w:st="on">Troy</ST1:PLACE></ST1:CITY>, and I knew he wouldn't be offended by
me asking stupid questions," Addington says. (<I><SPAN
style="FONT-STYLE: italic">Exempli gratia, "<ST1:PLACE
w:st="on">Troy</ST1:PLACE>, are you sure that fish kill in 2002 wasn't caused
by meth-lab leakage somewhere down on your end of the
river?"</SPAN></I>)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">For Fletcher, it
was a chance to remonstrate gently about the way the farmers had framed their
plight. "You're telling me how bad off you are, that you're gonna go
bankrupt," he says. "My people can't<SPAN
class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I><SPAN
style="FONT-STYLE: italic">afford</SPAN></I><SPAN
class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN>to go bankrupt. If you wanna talk
about the poorest of the poor, we're gonna win that one, alright? So let's
just not go there."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">But the thaw had
begun, and it was starting to reach all the way to Fletcher and Addington's
respective communities. Bob Gasser is a<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACE w:st="on"><ST1:PLACENAME
w:st="on">Klamath</ST1:PLACENAME><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACETYPE
w:st="on">Basin</ST1:PLACETYPE></ST1:PLACE><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>fertilizer dealer who sits on the
board of the water users' association. He helped fund the headgate protests in
2001, and to this day keeps a FEED THE FEDS TO THE FISH bumper sticker in his
office. But earlier this year he acknowledged, "Everybody's tired of the
fight. We've got every enviro out there beatin' on us -- we're fighting people
we don't even know. And we don't have the funds to do it. How long can we put
millions of dollars into a fight that we just aren't
winning?"<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">And even
blunt-spoken Indians like Hillman felt that the time had come to break free of
the see-sawing legal wars. "That shit's been going on forever, and it's very
unsatisfying," Hillman says. "(Winning) is exhilarating, for a moment: You can
sit around and have a beer and say, 'Yeah! We kicked their ass.' But when you
go back to work on Monday morning, you better look behind you, because the
other side has already set to work figuring out how to undermine
that."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><B><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">The
Klamath Irrigation Project</SPAN></FONT></B><SPAN
class=apple-converted-space><FONT face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">is an intensively
plumbed system; farmers delight in pointing out that a drop of water may get
re-circulated up to seven times on its trip through the project. Addington
once remarked -- alluding to the old saw "water flows uphill toward money" --
that "if water can go uphill anywhere, it's here." It's not much of an
exaggeration: At one point in the system, the farmers' water is literally
pumped through a mountain.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"><BR><BR>But it
takes a lot of electricity to keep that system running. And in 2004, as
PacifiCorp's dam licenses neared expiration, the company announced that it was
going to end the super-cheap, half-cent-per-kilowatt-hour power rate it had
charged irrigators for the past 50 years. The new rate would be about a
thousand percent higher.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">That "brought the
farmers face to face with imminent disaster," says Hillman. "If you can't
switch on a pump and move water in the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACE w:st="on"><ST1:PLACENAME
w:st="on">Upper</ST1:PLACENAME><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACETYPE
w:st="on">Basin</ST1:PLACETYPE></ST1:PLACE><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>from point A to point B, you don't
have an irrigation project."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">A year earlier,
that would have seemed a heaven-sent opportunity for the tribes to pound a
stake through the farmers' collective heart. Now, though, the Indians agreed
to do something that appeared to border on self-destruction: help keep their
old adversaries in business.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">"Nothing brings
two people together like a common enemy," says Troy Fletcher -- and both sides
realized that "we had a common opponent through this FERC negotiation, and
that was PacifiCorp."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">The farmers
planned an appeal to the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:STATE w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE
w:st="on">Oregon</ST1:PLACE></ST1:STATE><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and California Public Utility
Commissions to block the hike, and quietly made it known that they could use
all the help they could get. And, Hillman says, "Troy Fletcher and myself
stood up after they made that plea and said very publicly, in front of God and
everybody, 'We acknowledge (the farmers') right to exist in this basin.' " The
Karuk and Yurok tribes agreed to support the farmers' quest for rate
relief.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">That was a
turning point -- and it suddenly put many of the negotiators in an uneasy
relationship with the people they represented. When they returned home from
the meeting, Hillman says, "we kept it low profile. Our respective communities
were still not very hip on this whole notion of holding hands with our
enemies."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">But soon after,
the Indians had to make their own "ask" of the farmers: clearing the path for
salmon to get all the way back up the river. "The basin is basically cut in
half," says Hillman. "To restore runs, we need that untapped productivity that
fish aren't able to access anymore -- all that spawning habitat" beyond the
dams.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">For the farmers
who'd been symbolically barbecuing salmon with such gusto, the prospect of
having the fish back in their own backyard was disconcerting. As Addington put
it, "C'mon, a fish is a fish. If you need more salmon, just make more in a
hatchery."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">But card trading
is a curious sport. The farmers realized that, after passing junk to the
Indians in 2002, it might be time to kick an ace their
way.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">At a February
2006 meeting in<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:CITY
w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE w:st="on">Sacramento</ST1:PLACE></ST1:CITY>, federal fish
and wildlife managers asked Addington about the farmers' position on
re-opening the upper river to salmon. When Addington said that the farmers
would stand with the tribes, "they were like, '<I><SPAN
style="FONT-STYLE: italic">Holy shit.</SPAN></I>' " Fletcher says. "You could
hear their jaws drop on the table."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><B><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">On
a bluebird afternoon</SPAN></FONT></B><SPAN class=apple-converted-space><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">six weeks ago,
Scott Seus was in the cab of a tractor, planting onion seed not far from
Tulelake. His tractor and another worked their way in tandem across the field
while a crew of men followed, laying irrigation
pipe.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"><BR><BR>"When I
pull this planter out of there, and the pipe's on the ground, we are already
90 percent invested into this onion crop," he said. "All my money's laying out
here on the table, and I've got no way to try to recoup any of it if they shut
the water off mid-season."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">That was exactly
what happened to farmers in 2001. And, Seus said, many of them realized that
if they didn't wind up victims the next time things got tight, someone else --
whether tribes or fishermen -- would. And when that happened, the rest of the
world was sure to hear about it.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">"It's
unpredictable, and it's a dangerous game," Seus said. "Everybody's playing
Russian roulette."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">The challenge for
Addington -- and everyone else -- was immense. After going back and forth with
former enemies to come to incremental agreements, Addington now had to sell it
to people like Scott Seus -- who, along with about 1,200 other farmers in the
basin, had been footing his salary for the past three
years.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Addington tried
to make it clear that he hadn't succumbed to a cowboys-and-Indians version of
Stockholm syndrome. "When you disappear for a week at a time and you're
talking to people who have not been your friends, you better hustle back and
let people know what's going on," he says. "You kind of got to a point with
these guys where you just really wanted to make this thing happen. But you can
only go so far out on a limb before it breaks."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">In the settlement
negotiations -- which by this point had ranged through practically every
government-rate frontage-road hotel in Northern California and southern<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:STATE w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE
w:st="on">Oregon</ST1:PLACE></ST1:STATE><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>-- a comprehensive package was
emerging. It included the creation of a council to coordinate the agreement
and day-to-day operations of the river; removal of the four PacifiCorp dams;
an ambitious fisheries restoration program that would go beyond minimum
survival for the coho and suckers, and restore non-endangered fish like
chinook, steelhead and lamprey; a formal water right for the area's national
wildlife refuges; reduced-rate electricity for the irrigators; and a provision
enabling the Klamath Tribes to buy 90,000 acres of their
homeland.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">The cornerstone
of the entire deal was the question of how to divvy up the river's water.
During a string of back-to-back meetings in<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:CITY w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE
w:st="on">Sacramento</ST1:PLACE></ST1:CITY><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>in December 2006, the negotiating
group agonized over how to balance the competing demands. Biologists from the
tribes and an engineering consultant for the farmers ran a seemingly endless
series of computer models to find a workable compromise. The farmers needed
enough water to continue farming -- and yet the tribes and environmentalists
saw removing the dams as a hollow victory if there wasn't enough water for the
fish.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Ultimately, they
closed in on a plan that would limit irrigators to 10 to 25 percent less than
they'd used historically. The upside for the farmers was a greatly reduced
threat of their water being completely shut off again to protect fish. In
about half the years, farmers will have to get by on less water than they've
used in the past. When there's not enough water for the river and the lake,
they will either have to pump groundwater, or fallow -- temporarily dry up --
some farmland for the year.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">The nearly $1
billion budget for the settlement includes money for a one-time upfront
payment to farmers willing to fallow their land when necessary to free up
water for the lake and river. That money will, in theory, cover the cost of
fixed expenses like land payments, taxes and yearly operation and maintenance
costs for the irrigation system -- all of which farmers have to pay whether
they farm a particular piece of ground or not. With clearer rules in place,
farmers like Seus can plan smarter: During years when water will be tight,
they can shift their crop mix from low-value crops like alfalfa to
higher-value crops to maximize their return on the reduced amounts of
water.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Gasser, the
fertilizer dealer, pointed out that in a drought year, "if you can farm 50
percent, you can probably hold things together. You may not make anything, but
you can keep your operation alive."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Still, it was a
serious thing to commit to. "A lot of (the settlement) is very important, but
that was locking in less water than we knew we needed in at least 50 percent
of the years," Addington says. "We knew that once we committed to that, we
weren't going back."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"><BR><BR>Crossing
that threshold caused so much heartburn that Addington, together with several
federal and state officials in the negotiatons, requisitioned a plane and flew
to<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:CITY
w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE w:st="on">Klamath Falls</ST1:PLACE></ST1:CITY><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>in a snowstorm to meet with the water
users' board.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">"It was raining,
and spittin' snow, and it was just horrible. It went all night long," says
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service regional director Steve Thompson. For several
hours, the water users' board deliberated in closed session; with nowhere else
to go, Thompson says, the government contingent "sat out in one of the
ranchers' Suburbans, with snowflakes falling and the windshield wipers going.
It was a tough, tough night."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Finally, at some
point late in the night, the entourage flew back to<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:CITY w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE
w:st="on">Sacramento</ST1:PLACE></ST1:CITY>, and started negotiating again the
next morning. "It was just painful. It was terrible," says Addington. "You're
having to make a call that is gonna affect everybody up here, and you can't
foresee every possibility. There's things you're just having to make a gut
call on, and hope you're right."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><B><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">During
the first two weeks</SPAN></FONT></B><SPAN class=apple-converted-space><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">of January 2007,
the pace of the negotiations peaked. Even with the linchpin of the settlement
in place -- at least in rough form -- many other issues remained unresolved,
and the pressure was rising. Then something cracked. And suddenly the Indians
and farmers had yet another common enemy: two of the environmental groups in
the negotiations.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">The<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACENAME
w:st="on">Tule</ST1:PLACENAME><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACETYPE
w:st="on">Lake</ST1:PLACETYPE><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACE w:st="on">Lower
Klamath</ST1:PLACE><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>national
wildlife refuges are important layovers for birds traveling the Pacific
Flyway. And about one-tenth of the farming in the Klamath Irrigation Project
takes place on the two refuges, on about 22,000 acres that Scott Seus and
other farmers lease from the federal government.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">In recent years,
the lease-land program has been retooled to be more bird-friendly, most
notably by the creation of a "walking wetlands" program in which farmers flood
parcels of leased land in a rotating schedule to provide habitat for
waterfowl. But two environmental groups, Water Watch and Oregon Wild, have
long insisted that farming has no place on the refuges. Bob Hunter, a Water
Watch attorney, is fond of taking visitors to<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACE w:st="on"><ST1:PLACENAME
w:st="on">Tule</ST1:PLACENAME><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACETYPE
w:st="on">Lake</ST1:PLACETYPE></ST1:PLACE><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>-- which is often the scene of a
veritable blizzard of snow geese in the winter -- and asking, "Is this a
refuge for ducks, or potatoes?"<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Hunter says that
the only real way to reduce water demand in the basin is to take farmland out
of production permanently. And, his reasoning goes, it makes sense to do away
with the refuge lease-land program first.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">"If you're gonna
try to reduce irrigation demand, maybe the best place to start is on lands
already owned by the public," he says. "There's a dozen farm families that
have farms around here that are situated to do (lease-land farming) and they
kind of trade 'em around. But why should a couple dozen people be holding
hostage some of the most valuable refuges in the nation so they can make money
off of them?"<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">For the farmers,
though, the idea of downsizing farming was a non-starter. "What we, quite
honestly, have told people at the table is: If you want to reduce the project
permanently, we'd be glad to take that back and see what our people say,"
Addington says. "But we can tell you what they're gonna say" -- he starts to
mouth an "f" and then thinks better of it --<SPAN
class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-STYLE: italic">"
'Hell, no!' "</SPAN></I><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">The details of
the negotiations remain hidden behind a confidentiality agreement, and various
participants give differing versions of what ultimately happened. During the
fall of 2006, in side discussions, Oregon Wild and Water Watch apparently
broached the possibility of phasing out lease-land farming. But as the strands
of the agreement began tightening in January 2007, the two groups insisted on
a provision to phase out farming on the refuges.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">The reaction from
the farmers -- and the Yurok and Karuk tribes -- was decisive. Hillman says
that he wasn't himself averse to the idea of downsizing farming, but he knew
that an insistence on ending the lease-land program would break the entire
deal.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"><BR><BR>"(Oregon
Wild and Water Watch) foreclosed an opportunity that all of us had been
looking at and working on in little incremental bits and pieces for years," he
says. "But (you have to) work with your allies and be strategic about the pace
you address it at, instead of going nuclear and all the rest of us having to
deal with the fallout.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">"There was no
question from that day forward that they had to get out, or we were done," he
says. "It put us in a bad position. And we led the charge to throw them out of
the damn room."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">On April 6, the
settlement group was dissolved. Then, within a matter of hours, the farmers
and the two tribes created a new one and invited back all the parties except
Oregon Wild and Water Watch.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Both Hunter and
Steve Pedery, the conservation director for Oregon Wild, give a different
version of events: They say the politically connected Klamath farmers wanted
to reach an agreement that could be put into effect in the final year of
George Bush's presidency. "The Bush administration," Pedery says, "(came) in
with a settlement outline and demand(ed) that everyone in the process sign
on."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">"This," Hunter
says, "was just another settlement process that got hijacked by the Bush
administration to deliver some key things to a politically connected
ally."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">But the
participants still inside the process -- including representatives of the
environmental groups Trout Unlimited and American Rivers -- say that simply
isn't true.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"><BR><BR>"The
intensity of some of our meetings and discussions was just incredible. And I
think it came to a point where the deadline (arrived), and the compromise was
just too much for Oregon Wild and Water Watch," says Thompson, the Fish and
Wildlife Service regional manager. "It was pretty obvious that they couldn't
get to a resolution with us, and that they were not going to be supportive of
any resolution. They said that. So then it was a matter of, 'Well, OK: We need
to move on with those parties that can.' "<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">"They just ran
into issues that they weren't willing to go any further on," says Larry
Dunsmoor, a biologist with the Klamath Tribes. "Those of us who committed to
the process worked our butts off, and we worked it out with the irrigators,
and they worked it out with us. It was one of the hardest things we've ever
done."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><B><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">In
January, the agreement</SPAN></FONT></B><SPAN
class=apple-converted-space><FONT face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">was finally
released to the public. It was the first time that most of the people the
negotiators represented got to see it for themselves, and Fletcher and
Addington & Co. have since been busy campaigning to win the support of
their communities.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">The settlement is
still far from being a done deal. The federal government has decreed that
PacifiCorp must add ways for fish to get around its dams, which is usually
done by adding water-filled ramps called fish ladders -- so salmon, steelhead
and lamprey<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I><SPAN
style="FONT-STYLE: italic">will</SPAN></I><SPAN
class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN>soon be headed all the way up the
Klamath. But PacifiCorp still has not agreed to take its dams out, and a
separate negotiation on that issue continues. The settlement will also
certainly face challenges from its opponents, who say the farmers are
attempting to teleport themselves back to the good old days, before there were
such things as endangered species laws.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">"The Endangered
Species Act flipped things to where fish come first, and you have to have some
minimum survival flows for them," says Bob Hunter. "This agreement's just
trying to turn things back to the way it's been for 100 years, where project
irrigators get theirs first, and the fish get what's left over. You're putting
the risk back on fish."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">But Fletcher says
the agreement could ultimately lead the way into a new world, where fish can
prosper beyond mere survival levels. "We're talking about getting away from
Endangered Species Act management -- which means the population is (just)
maintaining -- to something more," Fletcher says. "We want a boatload of fish.
Because we want to catch those fish. That's what we
do."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"><BR><BR>Fletcher,
who started the Yuroks' fisheries department in the early 1990s, says he
struggled with how to integrate the tribe's traditional view of the world with
the river's complicated politics. "The tribe and tribal people have an
obligation to protect the river and do what we can to restore it," he said.
"And we have a challenge of expressing that in today's world, and in the
complexities that are out there right now."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">"I think one part
of how to express the obligation is to know your stuff," he said. "It's not
good enough to be good enough: You've gotta be better." That led to a big
tribal investment in people and expertise for its fisheries program, and the
sorts of computer modeling that makes Fletcher think the settlement agreement
will get fish -- and not just endangered suckers and threatened coho, but
chinook and lamprey, too -- the water they need.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">"I think a lot of
people trust environmental groups, and they trust tribes, and it's confusing
when you see people who typically are on the same side start to line up on
different sides," Fletcher said. But the tribe's quest to uphold its
obligations has forced it to break with traditional allies and strike out on
its own. "Everybody's for tribal sovereignty," Fletcher said, "until you start
thinking for yourselves, and make your decision that you wanna go a different
way."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">The most
surprising thing about the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACE w:st="on"><ST1:PLACENAME
w:st="on">Klamath</ST1:PLACENAME><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><ST1:PLACETYPE
w:st="on">Basin</ST1:PLACETYPE></ST1:PLACE><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>is that for all the rancor here, this
is, ecologically speaking, an extremely promising spot for river restoration.
"It's huge and complicated and complex," Hillman says, "(but) it's still
probably the one single place on the continent that still has an opportunity
to restore an entire river basin."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">At the same time,
there is no shortage of places in the West that are having their own water
crises -- which is to say, their own Klamath moments. It's tempting to see the
Klamath settlement as a harbinger for the rest of the region: If bitter
enemies can bargain their way to peace here, they can do it anywhere,
right?<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">But Fletcher
isn't so sure that's the take-home message. "I went and testified before the
(<ST1:STATE w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE w:st="on">California</ST1:PLACE></ST1:STATE>)
fisheries committee last year, and they wanted me to talk a little bit about
the Klamath experience," he says. "I was thinking, 'I don't know if you want
to repeat the Klamath experience.' We're at a point where we can almost reach
a settlement that can resolve a lot of things. But you don't even wanna go
through what it takes to get there.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">"Have you
litigated enough? Are you beating each other up enough? You gotta reach that
point where everybody's felt enough pain," he said. "You have to check off all
those things, and if you haven't got 'em all, then you're not ready. You're
not ready to go through it." If the Klamath experience proves anything, then,
it may only be that in the end -- and even in the Klamath -- water politics is
not warfare so much as perpetual negotiation.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">The same week
this spring that Troy Fletcher had taken delivery of his doublewide, Scott
Seus was planting onions. Midway through the afternoon, Seus stopped his
tractor when his wife, Sara, pulled up with their year-and-a-half-old son,
Spencer, and Seus' lunch. As he ate out of the back of Sara's Suburban, Seus
said, "There's a whole bunch of guys that have just learned to hate, and they
can't see beyond that. This is my third year of farming on my own, and there's
my young wife and my son. I'd love to see him farm, too, and I see (the
agreement) as the only way to provide enough certainty that I can make this
farm go forward.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">"And honestly,"
he added, "to be able to think that far forward, you gotta let go of some of
the past."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><I><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">Matt
Jenkins is a contributing editor of High Country News.</SPAN></FONT></I><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><I><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica">This
article was made possible with support from the William C. Kenney Watershed
Protection Foundation and the Jay Kenney Foundation.</SPAN></FONT></I><FONT
face=Helvetica color=black size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Helvetica"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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