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<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>There are
numerous scientific studies that conclude similarly…I have several of
these, If anyone would like these, let me know,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Byron<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Swimming for
their lives </span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><br>
</span></b><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Wild
fish face added threat from hatchery steelhead, study says</span></b><span
style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><br>
By AMY GITTELSOHN<b> </b><br>
<br>
<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Researchers have
warned that hatchery-produced fish can harm wild stocks by competing for food
and habitat.</span></b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
mso-element-frame-hspace:2.25pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-height-rule:exactly'><a
href="javascript:openimage('001p1_xlg.jpg',1024,444)"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:blue;
text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=108 height=250
id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.jpg@01C9C9AC.CA81EC80"
alt="http://www.trinityjournal.com/news/2009/0429/front_page/001p1_lg.jpg"></span></a><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
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<td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:2.25pt;
mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:
column;mso-height-rule:exactly'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Allen Houston, fish culturist at the
Trinity River Hatchery, right, examines newly hatched steelhead in the
incubator and steelhead fingerlings to be reared at the hatchery and
released to the Trinity River in March of next year. A recent study sought
to determine the impact of hatchery fish on the native fish population; the
results are currently being debated. </span></b><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>In a study on
the Trinity River, a fisheries biologist reported a more direct impact that
Trinity River Hatchery steelhead have on wild fish. They eat them.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Seth Naman
conducted his research in 2007 in a study funded by the Yurok Tribal Fisheries
Program. Naman and his crew caught fin-clipped hatchery steelhead on a two-mile
section of the Trinity River downstream of the Lewiston Dam, anesthetizing
them, pumping their bellies and recording the results before reviving them and
sending them on their way.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Prior to the
2007 release of hatchery steelhead in March, they caught 315
"residualized" steelhead released from the hatchery in 2006 which
stayed in the river rather than migrating to the ocean. Those hangers-on had
435 salmonid fry and 2,685 salmonid eggs in their stomachs.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:right;
mso-element-top:middle;mso-height-rule:exactly'><a
href="javascript:openimage('001p2_xlg.jpg',838,1024)"><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:blue;
text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=250 height=204
id="Picture_x0020_2" src="cid:image002.jpg@01C9C9AC.CA81EC80"
alt="http://www.trinityjournal.com/news/2009/0429/front_page/001p2_lg.jpg"></span></b></a><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:2.25pt;
mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:
column;mso-element-left:right;mso-element-top:middle;mso-height-rule:exactly'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>In March 2007,
the hatchery released yearling steelhead, and about half swam out to the river
on their own volition. Naman and crew began catching the juvenile hatchery
steelhead in the upper reach of the river as the stragglers were forced out.
They caught 1,636 juvenile hatchery steelhead, finding that they had consumed
882 salmonid fry.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Using population
estimates and predation rates, Naman estimated that 24,194 salmonid fry and
171,018 salmonid eggs were consumed by 2,302 residualized hatchery steelhead in
21 days from Feb. 10 to March 2, 2007. He estimated that 110,659 salmonid fry
were eaten by 439,197 juvenile hatchery steelhead in 30 days from March 28 to
April 26, 2007.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Naman, now a
fisheries biologist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Fisheries Service, wrote up the results of his Yurok study in his master's
thesis for Humboldt State University finalized over last winter. It has been
distributed widely over a Trinity River list server.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
mso-element-frame-hspace:2.25pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-height-rule:exactly'><a
href="javascript:openimage('001p3_xlg.jpg',876,1024)"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:blue;
text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=250 height=214
id="Picture_x0020_3" src="cid:image003.jpg@01C9C9AC.CA81EC80"
alt="http://www.trinityjournal.com/news/2009/0429/front_page/001p3_lg.jpg"></span></a><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:2.25pt;
mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:
column;mso-height-rule:exactly'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Photos by PHIL NELSON </span></b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>"This study
documents the highest rate of predation by hatchery salmonids on naturally
produced salmonids that has been reported," Naman states in his thesis.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Reaction from a
supervisor with the state Department of Fish and Game, which operates the
hatchery, is mixed.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>"We do feel
this study has merit, and it's an area that deserves more attention," said
Larry Hanson, senior biologist supervisor with the DFG's Klamath/Trinity
Program. "We don't necessarily agree with his conclusions."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>For example,
Hanson noted that the estimates for the daily population of hatchery steelhead
in the study area - and hence the extent of predation - could have been high
because, as acknowledged in Naman's</span></b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> <b>report, one of two antennas used to
count 1,000 microchipped hatchery steelhead failed during the study period.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>During the
spring high flow, "It would seem intuitive that a certain number of those
fish he believed residualized washed or migrated out of the study reach,"
Hanson said.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>However, in his
report Naman lists several ways in which his predation estimates are
conservative, noting that almost half of the hatchery's 800,000 steelhead
release was not included in the study.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>He also noted
that the hook and line method used to catch the steelhead may have skewed the
results toward individuals more likely to go after insects than fish.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>The hatchery,
funded by the federal Bureau of Reclamation and operated by the DFG, is meant
to mitigate for the loss of fish habitat upstream from Lewiston Dam. It
releases Chinook and coho salmon as well as steelhead.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Naman suggests
the agencies look into several issues regarding steelhead.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>He notes that
fishing regulations on the river from the Old Lewiston Bridge to the dam are
"fly only" and "catch and release only." These regulations
have no apparent biological justification, Naman stated, and angler harvest of
the hatchery steelhead could help eliminate those that stay in the river.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>From the DFG,
Hanson said allowing anglers to keep steelhead in the upper Trinity River would
go against the hatchery's goals for returning adults.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>"The
department can't support that," he said.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Naman noted that
each year a significant percentage of the 800,000 steelhead released annually
are on the small side - small enough that they have no chance of returning as
adults. In 2007, 175,210 small steelhead were released, Naman said, and the
stunted fish likely die or residualize in the river to compete with naturally
produced fish.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>While Naman did
not study the impact on wild fish from competition by hatchery fish for food
and habitat, he noted that other studies have, and competition may be more
harmful than predation.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>"The end
result of the competition may be dead naturally produced fish," Naman
wrote, "which cannot be held in hand and counted as in this study."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Given the
Trinity River Restoration Program goal of restoring naturally produced
salmonids, those goals "may be in conflict with the current management
regime of hatchery fish," Naman stated.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>But Hanson noted
that the hatchery is meant to mitigate for habitat lost due to the dam, using
the best science as to how many steelhead were produced in that habitat. If
neither the dam nor the hatchery existed, there would still be predation by the
natural steelhead, Hanson said. He acknowledged that the dam does concentrate
the fry.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Naman indicates
in his report that the overlap of predator and prey is occurring at a crucial
time. He noted that wild Chinook and coho salmon fry emerge from the gravel at
the same time the 800,000 larger steelhead smolts are released in the important
wild spawning area, at a time when the river is low and clear.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>The consumed
Chinook and coho salmon fry and eggs that would have hatched make up 9 percent
of production for the area during the study period, he wrote.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Although it does
not have regulatory authority over the hatchery, the Trinity Management Council
has discussed the issue. Hanson said the management council has written the
Bureau of Reclamation to see if fish mitigation goals can be changed. There has
not been a response from Reclamation.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'>Byron
Leydecker, JcT</span></i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'>Chair, Friends
of Trinity River</span></i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'>PO Box 2327</span></i><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'>Mill Valley, CA
94942-2327</span></i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'>415 383 4810
land</span></i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'>415 519 4810
cell</span></i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'><a
href="mailto:bwl3@comcast.net"><span style='color:blue'>bwl3@comcast.net</span></a></span></i></b><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'><a
href="mailto:bleydecker@stanfordalumni.org"><span style='color:blue'>bleydecker@stanfordalumni.org</span></a>
</span></i></b><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'>(secondary)</span></i><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:gray'><a
href="http://fotr.org/"><span style='color:blue'>http://www.fotr.org</span></a>
</span></i></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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