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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>This calls to mind my late good friend Michael Black who began a journal article </span><span class=algouri><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a href="http://www.ijee.ie/articles/Vol19-1/IJEE1325.pdf">http://www.ijee.ie/articles/Vol19-1/IJEE1325.pdf</a> on </span></span><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>California’s ‘serialistic’ Sacramento River salmon conservation policies/ measures with a quote ‘<i>Fish biologists can have anything they want in the West as long as it’s not water</i>.’.</span><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The most enduring symbol of Sacramento River serialistic salmon conservation policies/ measures for me was the three-story high Glenn-Colusa Canal riffle sifter installed by the Bureau of Reclamation to clean the upstream end of the Tehama-Colusa Canal designated as an artificial spawning channel to offset the loss of river spawning (estimated at an average annual 5,000 fall-run chinook salmon) in what became the Red Bluff Diversion Dam diversion pool. It was an impressive and costly pile of equipment that proved totally ineffectual (the channel silted up). I only wish I had a keepsake photo of it. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Bill Kier</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> env-trinity [mailto:env-trinity-bounces@velocipede.dcn.davis.ca.us] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Tom Stokely<br><b>Sent:</b> Sunday, May 17, 2015 8:59 AM<br><b>To:</b> Env-trinity<br><b>Subject:</b> [env-trinity] Redding.com: Nearly $1 billion later, salmon still in peril<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1431799061807_79276"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:black'><a href="http://www.redding.com/news/local-news/nearly-1-billion-later-salmon-still-in-peril_91460501">http://www.redding.com/news/local-news/nearly-1-billion-later-salmon-still-in-peril_91460501</a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1431799061807_79276"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:23.65pt;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;padding-top:1.125rem' id="yui_3_16_0_1_1431799061807_79476"><span style='font-size:22.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Nearly $1 billion later, salmon still in peril<o:p></o:p></span></h1><h2 style='margin-top:0in;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom:1.125rem;font-size:1.125rem' id="yui_3_16_0_1_1431799061807_79478"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#636466;font-weight:normal'>Fish restoration project falls short of goals<o:p></o:p></span></h2><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1431799061807_79480"><address style='line-height:12.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#636466;font-style:normal'>Damon Arthur <o:p></o:p></span></address><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1431799061807_79481"><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:12.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:#636466'>5:08 PM, May 16, 2015<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1431799061807_79482"><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:12.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:#636466'>11:07 PM, May 16, 2015<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:12.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:#636466'><a href="http://www.redding.com/topic/local+news"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#2F6194;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'>local news</span></a> | <a href="http://www.redding.com/topic/homepage+showcase"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#2F6194;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'>homepage showcase</span></a> | <a href="http://www.redding.com/topic/tablet+showcase"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#2F6194;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'>tablet showcase</span></a> | <a href="http://www.redding.com/topic/vcs"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#2F6194;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'>vcs</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1431799061807_79465"><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:0%;background:white'><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"a","serif";color:black'> <span style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=100 height=100 id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Description: Image removed by sender."></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:0%;background:white'><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"a","serif";color:black'> <span style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=100 height=100 id="Picture_x0020_2" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Description: Image removed by sender."></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:0%;background:white'><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"a","serif";color:black'> <span style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=100 height=100 id="Picture_x0020_3" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Description: Image removed by sender."></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:0%;background:white'><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"a","serif";color:black'> <span style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=100 height=100 id="Picture_x0020_4" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Description: Image removed by sender."></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:0%;background:white'><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"a","serif";color:black'> <span style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=100 height=100 id="Picture_x0020_5" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Description: Image removed by sender."></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:0%;background:white'><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"a","serif";color:black'> <span style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=100 height=100 id="Picture_x0020_6" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Description: Image removed by sender."></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:0%;background:white'><span style='font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"a","serif";color:black'> <span style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=100 height=100 id="Picture_x0020_7" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Description: Image removed by sender."></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#888888'>Copyright 2015 Journal Media Group. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div><div style='border:none;border-bottom:solid #D2D2D2 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;margin-bottom:13.5pt;box-sizing: border-box;transition: opacity 0.3s;-webkit-transition: opacity 0.3s;visibility:visible'><div style='margin-left:17.25pt;margin-right:15.75pt;box-sizing: border-box;overflow:hidden'><div><div style='border:solid white 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 31.0pt 0in;box-sizing: border-box;overflow:hidden'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:black;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=100 height=100 id="Picture_x0020_8" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Description: Image removed by sender."></span><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div style='border:solid white 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 31.0pt 0in;box-sizing: border-box;overflow:hidden'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:black;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=100 height=100 id="Picture_x0020_9" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Description: Image removed by sender."></span><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div style='border:solid white 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 31.0pt 0in;box-sizing: border-box;overflow:hidden'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:black;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=100 height=100 id="Picture_x0020_10" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Description: Image removed by sender."></span><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div style='border:solid white 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 31.0pt 0in;box-sizing: border-box;overflow:hidden'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:black;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=100 height=100 id="Picture_x0020_11" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Description: Image removed by sender."></span><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div style='border:solid white 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 31.0pt 0in;box-sizing: border-box;overflow:hidden'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:black;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=100 height=100 id="Picture_x0020_12" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Description: Image removed by sender."></span><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div style='border:solid white 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 31.0pt 0in;box-sizing: border-box;overflow:hidden'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:black;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=100 height=100 id="Picture_x0020_13" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Description: Image removed by sender."></span><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div style='border:solid white 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 31.0pt 0in;box-sizing: border-box;overflow:hidden'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:black;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=100 height=100 id="Picture_x0020_14" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Description: Image removed by sender."></span><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1431799061807_79470"><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1431799061807_79469"><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1431799061807_79468"><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1431799061807_79467"><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>REDDING, California - After spending nearly $1 billion on a plan to double the number of salmon and steelhead in the Sacramento River basin over the past 22 years, state and federal agencies have fallen well short of their goals and the fish remain severely underpopulated.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Except for significant gains in a few Sacramento River tributaries, the work done to benefit naturally spawning salmon under the Central Valley Project Improvement Act of 1992 has not accomplished even 50 percent of its goals, according to the government agencies’ own reports.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>By 2012, there were supposed to be 68,000 spring-run chinook salmon spawning in the Central Valley. Instead, there were 30,522, according to the bureau.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Federal and state agencies have hit 30.6 percent of their target goal for the fall-run chinook, one of four different salmon runs on the river. Each run is named for the season when the majority of its fish enter freshwater as adults.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>The program aims to restore fish populations that plummeted after dams and diversions built in rivers and creeks blocked the fish from getting to the spawning grounds they had used for thousands of years. The development of farms, roadways and cities further changed the landscape, drying up vast areas that were once wetlands and waterways where the fish spent part of their lives.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Officials with the restoration program have tried to piece back together those ecosystems fragmented by development, or at least to create areas that mimic streams and wetlands where the fish once thrived.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Still, fish populations still haven’t bounced back. And even as spending on the programs approaches $1 billion, David Mooney, the Central Valley Project Improvement Act administrator, said lack of funding is an issue.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>“Effectiveness has varied with higher costs, lower revenues and more complexity than appears to have been anticipated by the authors of the (improvement act),” Mooney said.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Critics of the program, however, disagree.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>“I don’t think money has been the problem,” said David Vogel, a senior scientist with Natural Resource Scientists in Red Bluff. Instead, too much money has been spent on studies, administration and monitoring fish populations, he said.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>“They’ve developed a fairly large bureaucracy with a lot of people, and they seem to repeating the same thing year after year,” Vogel said. “I think there’s a lack of accountability.”<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:21.6pt;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-size:1.125rem'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Water at a cost<o:p></o:p></span></h3><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Lawmakers who passed the act intended to restore habitat lost after the Bureau of Reclamation built the Central Valley Project.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Stretching about 400 miles from Shasta Dam north of Redding to the Tehachapi Mountains south of Bakersfield, the huge Central Valley Project consists of 20 dams and reservoirs and 11 power plants. The project annually moves about 7 million acre-feet of water through 500 miles of major canals and tunnels to hundreds of farmers and millions of urban residents.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>About 800,000 acre-feet of that water is set aside for fish and wildlife and another 410,000 goes to state and federal wildlife refuges and wetlands.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>The project is widely credited with bringing irrigation water to the Central Valley and contributing to its success as an one of the richest agricultural regions in the country.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>But all that progress came at a price. Dams built along rivers such as the Sacramento and San Joaquin blocked access to spawning areas for salmon and steelhead — called anadromous fish because they live parts of their lives in the ocean and part in fresh water — and dried up vast wetlands where the streams once flowed.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>The bureau estimates development and flood control projects have eliminated 95 percent of the wetlands in the Central Valley. When Shasta and Keswick dams were built they blocked access to spawning grounds upstream in the McCloud and Pit rivers and other tributaries to the Sacramento River.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>The winter and spring runs of chinook have fared the worst in the decades since the dams were built. Because so few of those fish return annually to spawn, the spring run is listed as a threatened species under the federal Endangered Species Act, meaning it is likely to become an endangered species. The winter run is considered already endangered and at greater risk of extinction.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:21.6pt;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-size:1.125rem'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#1A1A1A'>A complex system<o:p></o:p></span></h3><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>The chinook salmon’s life cycle covers a vast territory stretching from the upper reaches of Sacramento River tributaries to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and out to the ocean.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>The fish are hatched in many of the streams in the area such as Salt Creek, Cow Creek, Battle Creek and Clear Creek. The small salmon fry can spend several months in fresh water, but they eventually move downstream to the main stem of the Sacramento River.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Thousands of the four species of chinook — fall, late-fall, winter and spring — also are spawned in the Sacramento River itself. Nearly all of the wild winter-run salmon spawn in the Redding area, where the restoration project pours tons of gravel annually for spawning beds.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>After the salmon make their way down the Sacramento River, they hit the San Joaquin-Sacramento River Delta, a series of islands and channels the fish need to navigate on their way to the ocean. By the time they reach the ocean, they have changed colors and their gills and kidneys have undergone a transformation that allows them to live in salt water.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>After spending two to three years in the ocean, the fish return again upstream to where they were hatched. By that time they often weigh 20 pounds or more.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:21.6pt;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-size:1.125rem'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Challenges abound<o:p></o:p></span></h3><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Federal officials say there are several obstacles to meeting goals set by the 1992 Central Valley Project Improvement Act, including drought, competing demands for water, lack of money and not enough control over the fish’s entire life cycle.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>The program has been limited mainly to doing work upstream of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta where the salmon and steelhead are hatched, said Mooney, the improvement act project administrator.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Habitat improvement projects focus on improving stream conditions to increase the chances the fish can successfully spawn, hatch new young and get as many of them as possible out to the ocean before they are eaten by other fish and wildlife.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Improvements include:<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><ul style='margin-top:0in;box-sizing: border-box;list-style-position:outside' type=disc><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#1A1A1A;line-height:21.6pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white;box-sizing: border-box'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif"'>Installing screens at irrigation diversions to keep fish from swimming into irrigation canals and ditches.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#1A1A1A;line-height:21.6pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white;box-sizing: border-box'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif"'>Pouring tons of gravel into the Sacramento River and tributaries for salmon nests.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#1A1A1A;line-height:21.6pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white;box-sizing: border-box'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif"'>Removing fish passage barriers.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#1A1A1A;line-height:21.6pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white;box-sizing: border-box'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif"'>Improving channel conditions in Sacramento River tributaries.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#1A1A1A;line-height:21.6pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white;box-sizing: border-box'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif"'>Planting trees and shrubs along stream banks.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>So far, fewer than a quarter of the proposed restoration projects have been completed.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>The project lists 289 different actions and evaluations to complete, but from 1997 to 2012, only 67 had been completed.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Bob Clarke, fisheries program supervisor for the fish and wildlife service’s Pacific Southwest Region, said the size and complexity of the area encompassed by the project has hampered efforts.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>“Where we haven’t met goals, that’s because it’s just a bigger system,” Clarke, whose agency works with the bureau to implement the fish recovery program.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>“As big as the program is, we haven’t been able to take on the programs we have wanted,” he said. “Then there are issues beyond our control that affect the fish populations.”<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>But Vogel said not enough “on-the-ground” work has been done to restore fish habitat. He also said officials have known about the size and complexity of the issues for many years, but have been unwilling to change direction and adapt.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Randy Smith, of Redding, a retired physician who leads major volunteer efforts to restore and clean up streams in the area, said fish restoration is not complicated. Fish need water at the right time and the proper habitat.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>In his view, federal and state officials have wasted money on projects that don’t work while the salmon slide toward extinction.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>“If you take a creature as creative and willful and independent as the salmon and you make it impossible for that species to exist then you aren’t very smart,” Smith said.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Vogel credits the restoration project with doing much to improve conditions for salmon and steelhead, but said federal officials are not likely to achieve their goals until they focus more on improving conditions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>But getting federal and state agencies to turn their attention to the Delta has been difficult, said Vogel, a former U.S. Fish and Wildlife biologist who has spent decades working on the river.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>“It’s incredibly frustrating for myself and many of my colleagues,” Vogel said. “Their approach seems to be they’re pretty happy with the status quo.”<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Vogel said he would like to see more work done to keep young salmon from being drawn into the interior of the Delta, where they are preyed on by other fish. When they get caught in the maze of channels and islands, it is difficult for them to get out to the Pacific Ocean, he said.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Further, focused studies on how the fish migrate through the Delta are also needed so that future restoration can focus on work that will have the greatest impact, he said.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>For example the pumping system that sends water south of the Delta creates a current that draws the fish toward them rather than to the ocean, he said. The fish are trapped at the pumps and then released closer to the San Francisco Bay, but they are preyed on by other fish when they are let go, he said.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>It’s treacherous in the Delta. But “once they get to the ocean, they have a very high survival rate,” Vogel said.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Clarke and Mooney said improving conditions in the Delta is a key component to restoring salmon numbers, but the program “has not emphasized Delta work” because there are other state and federal programs involved in carrying out restoration in the Delta.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Tom Stokely, a water policy analyst for the California Water Impact Network, points to water management as a third component that has led to low fish numbers. The state Department of Water Resources and the bureau have mismanaged water coming out of Shasta and Keswick dams, he said.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>“It comes down to the water operations are killing the fish,” Stokely said. He said bureau officials mismanaged water in Lake Shasta last fall, depleting the cold water pool in the reservoir.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Salmon eggs and recently hatched fish need water temperatures below 60 degrees to survive, but water in the Sacramento River below Keswick Dam became too warm last fall, killing thousands of salmon eggs and recent hatches.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Bureau officials have said lack of rainfall from the ongoing drought prevented them from keeping an adequate cold water pool in the lake to ensure egg survival.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:21.6pt;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-size:1.125rem'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Are They Listening?<o:p></o:p></span></h3><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Criticism of the restoration program has been going on for years. An independent review of the project written in 2008 for the bureau and the fish and wildlife service analyzed how the agencies operate and the work they have done and concluded they have been ineffective.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>That report, Listen to the River, criticized how the agencies work together, identify problems and prioritize projects. It also faulted the program for not doing more in the Delta.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>“All of these have contributed to a program that has been unable to identify and attack the fundamental system-level problems and realize the greatest biological benefit in an effective way,” the report says.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Seven years after the report came out, Clarke said officials are still working to change the way they prioritize restoration projects and hold them up to a more rigorous scientific standard as to whether they are working.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>“It’s a process, unfortunately it’s not a process that allows you to get your results immediately,” he said.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#1A1A1A'><a href="https://infogr.am/nearly_1_billion_later_salmon_still_in_peril"><span style='color:#4190D9;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'>Mobile users can view our interactive graphic here</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #ACACAC 1.0pt;padding:2.0pt 0in 0in 0in;box-sizing: border-box'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1A1A1A'><a href="https://infogr.am/nearly_1_billion_later_salmon_still_in_peril" target="_blank"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#ACACAC;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'>nearly $1 billion later, salmon still in peril</span></a> | <a href="https://infogr.am/" target="_blank"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#ACACAC;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'>Create infographics</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1A1A1A'>Copyright 2015 Journal Media Group. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1431799061807_79593"><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:21.6pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:#1A1A1A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1431799061807_79276"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Garamond","serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div></div></body></html>