<html><head></head><body><div style="color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:garamond, new york, times, serif;font-size:16px"><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1468859376091_272286"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">On Tuesday, July 19, 2016 2:34 PM, "Carter, Katharine@Waterboards" <Katharine.Carter@waterboards.ca.gov> wrote:</span></div><div class="qtdSeparateBR"><br><br></div><div class="yahoo_quoted" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1468859376091_272330" style="display: block;"><div style="font-family: garamond, new york, times, serif; font-size: 16px;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1468859376091_272329"><div style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1468859376091_272328"><br> <div class="y_msg_container" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1468859376091_272327"><div id="yiv0188126798">
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<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D;">Hello KFHAT members,</span></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1468859376091_272336"><span style="color:#1F497D;"> </span></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1468859376091_272324"><span style="color:#1F497D;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1468859376091_272323">The following article provides interesting information about the importance of colder water refugia, not only for relief from high mainstem water temperatures but as disease refuges for juvenile salmon. </span></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D;"> </span></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D;">Great work by members of Jerry Bartholomew’s Lab (including Dr. Sascha Hallett) at Oregon State University and the Karuk Tribe fisheries department (Alex Corum and Toz Soto).</span></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D;"> </span></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D;">Katharine</span></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D;"> </span></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal" style=""><span style="color:#1F497D;">Katharine Carter</span></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal" style=""><span style="color:#1F497D;">Adaptive Watershed Management Unit</span></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal" style=""><span style="color:#1F497D;">North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board</span></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal" style=""><span style="color:#1F497D;">5550 Skylane Blvd. Suite A</span></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal" style=""><span style="color:#1F497D;">Santa Rosa, CA 95403</span></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal" style=""><span style="color:#1F497D;">707-576-2290</span></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D;"><a rel="nofollow" ymailto="mailto:Katharine.Carter@waterboards.ca.gov" target="_blank" href="mailto:Katharine.Carter@waterboards.ca.gov"><span style="color:blue;">Katharine.Carter@waterboards.ca.gov</span></a></span></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D;"><img border="0" width="121" height="97" id="yiv0188126798Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image003.jpg@01D1E1CA.90572A50" alt="save_water"></span><span style="color:#1F497D;"></span></div>
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<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> env-trinity [mailto:env-trinity-bounces@velocipede.dcn.davis.ca.us]
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, July 19, 2016 2:14 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> env-trinity@velocipede.dcn.davis.ca.us<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [env-trinity] CBB: Klamath River Study: Cold Water Refuges Also Function As Disease Refuges For Juvenile Salmon</span></div>
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<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">THE COLUMBIA BASIN BULLETIN: Weekly Fish and Wildlife News</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.cbbulletin.com/">www.cbbulletin.com</a></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">July 15, 2016 Issue No. 797</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">* <b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;">Klamath River Study: Cold Water Refuges Also Function As Disease Refuges For Juvenile Salmon</span></b></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">The effects of a naturally-occurring parasite in the Klamath River -- Ceratonova shasta – decline when juvenile salmon move into areas of cooler water where exposure to the parasite is lower and where the effects of the disease declines
in severity, according to a recent study.</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">In effect, the cold water refuge also functions as a disease refuge.</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">The same parasite is present throughout the Columbia River basin, including in the Willamette River where high levels of C. Shasta have been found in the past couple of years when mainstem river temperatures warm.
</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">(See CBB, July 10, 2015, “Bacteria Associated With Warm Water Taking Toll On Salmon, Steelhead In Northwest,”
<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.cbbulletin.com/434489.aspx">http://www.cbbulletin.com/434489.aspx</a>)</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">While the authors of the study surmise that cold water refuges could offer the same protections in the Columbia basin, they noted that the study was of just one river and that other rivers may differ, according to co-author Dr. Sascha Hallett,
senior research associate, Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University.</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">C. Shasta causes enteronecrosis in salmon, a disease that increases in severity as temperature and parasite doses increase. Infections by this parasite cause severe intestinal disease, ceratomyxosis (enteronecrosis), often resulting in
death, the study says.</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">“The study investigated the abundance of the salmon parasite C. shasta in a thermal refuge compared to the warmer mainstem Klamath River during the summer, when high numbers of juvenile salmonids rely on these cold water patches,” Hallett
said. </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">Salmonids in the Klamath River mainstem must contend with summer water temperatures that reach levels that stress the fish and can sometimes be lethal. With climate change, the water temperature in the Klamath River has been rising 0.5
degrees Celsius every decade since the early 1960s, the study says.</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">The final study was the result of a combination of field work and lab studies. The field observations included juvenile chinook salmon, coho salmon, and steelhead. The lab study tested juvenile chinook and coho.</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">“In the field, we found that temperature was 2-8 (about 4 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit) degrees Celsius lower and that levels of the parasite that cause the disease were lower in the refugium compared to the mainstem, but the disparity in parasite
load decreased later in the summer,” she said. “Our lab studies showed that the fluctuating temperature that fish would experience as they moved from the warm mainstem to the cooler refuge did not impact disease severity, compared to a constant midrange temperature.”
</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">The authors found that juvenile salmon move between the main-stem river and thermal refuge habitats diurnally, seeking food which is more plentiful in the main stem and seeking cooler water in the refuge. In the process, fish infected with
C. shasta during the summer experience fluctuating thermal regimes rather than simply lower temperatures, the study says.</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">Field work focused on one large, “well-characterized refuge formed by Beaver Creek (rkm 261) that provides thermal relief for juvenile salmonids during peak main-stem water temperatures,” the study says. High densities of juvenile salmon
have been observed during snorkel surveys in this cool water refuge, particularly when the Klamath River exceeds 22°C.</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">The study, “Klamath River Thermal Refuge Provides Juvenile Salmon Reduced Exposure to the Parasite Ceratonova shasta” (<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2016.1159612">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2016.1159612</a>), was published
online in June in Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">Hallett’s co-authors are Luciano V. Chiaramonte, senior microbiologist, Dr. Adam Ray, quantitative analyst, and Dr. Jerri L. Bartholomew, professor, all with the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, OSU; and Alex Corum and Toz Soto, both
fisheries biologists with the Karuk Tribe in Orleans, Calif. </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">C. Shasta responds to water temperature, according to Hallett, a “universal finding” that “applies to the parasite throughout its range - all rivers in the Pacific Northwest, including the Columbia River Basin.
</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">Here’s how the parasite proliferates, according to the study:
</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1468859376091_272333">The parasite requires a salmonid host and the benthic freshwater polychaete Manayunkia speciosa for completion of its life cycle. An infected salmonid sheds C. shasta myxospores that are ingested by M. speciosa. Infection in the polychaete
host culminates in the release of actinospores into the water column, where they encounter salmon. The outcome of infection is primarily influenced by temperature and exposure dose, but is also affected by host susceptibility and parasite genetics.</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">“Elevated water temperatures cause increased and faster mortality in infected fish (e.g. 69 percent mortality and 31 mean days to death (MDD) at 13°C, compared with 98 percent mortality and 16 d at 21°C for Chinook Salmon and a sufficient
parasite dose (i.e. 10 spores/L) exacerbates the effects of temperature,” the study says.</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">It also applies to all aspects of the parasite’s life cycle, Hallett added.
</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">“For example, the parasite proliferates more quickly at higher temperatures in both its fish and its invertebrate (polychaete worm) hosts,” she said. “Thus, disease is more severe in salmonids at higher water temperature – a combination
of higher proliferation as well as fish being less capable of dealing with infection when they are stressed at higher river temperatures. But higher temperatures also mean that polychaete host populations increase more rapidly and that parasite release occurs
earlier in the year.”</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">Dr. Bartholomew is also studying areas and timing of C. Shasta in the Willamette River through water sample monitoring at specific sites. However, her studies have not compared levels of the parasite in Willamette River refugia with the
mainstem, nor investigated whether refugia-usage in the Willamette River also decreases the severity of enteronecrosis in salmonids, Hallett added.
</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">As in the Klamath River, the parasite is mainly present in the Willamette mainstem, but parasite levels in the Willamette are lower and the pattern of distribution along the mainstem gradient differs to the Klamath.</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">Thermal refugia likely play an important role in salmonid health and thus preservation and restoration of these habitats is important for salmon/trout populations, Hallett concluded.</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">“Both the fish and worm hosts of C. shasta as well as the parasite are native to these rivers,” she said. “The high levels of parasite and associated population-level impacts on wild and free-ranging salmonids have only been recently documented
and are highly variable between years. Thus, the goal of our research is to better understand these shifts in host-parasite dynamics and how disease effects can be lessened.”</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">Identification and preservation of these cooler habitats is important for juvenile and adult salmonids during summer (e.g. through preservation or restoration of riparian vegetation along river margins and restoration/maintenance of snow-fed
or spring fed streams that provide refuges where they connect with the river mainstem), she said.</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">Also see:</div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">--CBB, December 19, 2014, “Inoculation For C. Shasta, Salmon Parasite, Fails But Researchers Hope For Better Outcomes In Future,”
<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.cbbulletin.com/432803.aspx">http://www.cbbulletin.com/432803.aspx</a></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">--CBB, October 10, 2014, “Stream Flows Increased In Klamath River By 75 Percent To Fight Parasite Threatening Coho, Chinook,”
<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.cbbulletin.com/432360.aspx">http://www.cbbulletin.com/432360.aspx</a></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal">--CBB, August 22, 2014, “Parasite-Driven Disease Hitting Klamath Salmon Hard Also Found To Lesser Degree In Columbia Basin,”
<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.cbbulletin.com/431827.aspx">http://www.cbbulletin.com/431827.aspx</a></div>
<div class="yiv0188126798MsoNormal"> </div>
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