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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5087/sir20155087.pdf" title=""Main document link, right click to download or save as" "><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#1A0DAB;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=200 height=260 id=thumbnail src="cid:image001.jpg@01D1EBF3.87FF97B0" alt=thumbnail></span></a><span lang=EN style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:15.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in'><span lang=EN style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>Effects of groundwater pumping on agricultural drains in the Tule Lake subbasin, Oregon and California<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in'><span lang=EN style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5087<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in'><span lang=EN style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:3.75pt'><b><span lang=EN style='font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'>By:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:7.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span lang=EN style='font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Esther M. Pischel and Marshall W. Gannett <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style='mso-element:para-border-div;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:4.0pt 0in 0in 0in;margin-left:-.25in;margin-right:0in'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;border:none;padding:0in'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#333333'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Document: <a href="http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5087/sir20155087.pdf" target="_blank" title="SIR 2015-5087"><b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:#1A0DAB;text-decoration:none'>Report</span></b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:#1A0DAB;text-decoration:none'> (4.3 MB pdf) </span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;border:none;padding:0in'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#333333'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Download citation as: <a href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20155087?mimetype=ris"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:#1A0DAB;text-decoration:none'>RIS</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:7.5pt'><span lang=EN style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'>First posted July 24, 2015<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'>For additional information, contact:</span></b><span lang=EN style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:7.5pt'><span lang=EN style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'><a href="mailto:dc_or@usgs.gov"><span style='color:#1A0DAB;text-decoration:none'>Director</span></a>, Oregon Water Science Center<br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>2130 SW 5th Avenue<br>Portland, Oregon 97201<br><a href="http://or.water.usgs.gov/"><span style='color:#1A0DAB;text-decoration:none'>http://or.water.usgs.gov</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in'><span lang=EN style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:7.5pt'><span lang=EN style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Since 2001, irrigators in the upper Klamath Basin have increasingly turned to groundwater to compensate for reductions in surface-water allocation caused by shifts from irrigation use to instream flows for Endangered Species Act listed fishes. The largest increase in groundwater pumping has been in and around the Bureau of Reclamation’s Klamath Irrigation Project, which includes the Tule Lake subbasin in the southern part of the upper Klamath Basin. Agricultural drains on the Klamath Project are an important source of water for downstream irrigators and for the Tule Lake and Lower Klamath Lake National Wildlife Refuges. U.S. Geological Survey regional groundwater-flow model simulations and records of irrigation-return flow pumped from the Tule Lake subbasin into the adjacent Lower Klamath Lake subbasin have indicated that water-level declines from pumping may be causing decreased flow of shallow groundwater to agricultural drains. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:7.5pt'><span lang=EN style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'>To better define the effect of increased pumping on drain flow and on the water balance of the groundwater system, the annual water volume pumped from drains in three subareas of the Tule Lake subbasin was estimated and a fine-grid, local groundwater model of the Tule Lake subbasin was constructed. Results of the agricultural-drain flow analysis indicate that groundwater discharge to drains has decreased such that flows in 2012 were approximately 32,400 acre-ft less than the 1997–2000 average flow. This decrease was concentrated in the northern and southeastern parts of the subbasin, which corresponds with the areas of greatest groundwater pumping. Model simulation results of the Tule Lake subbasin groundwater model indicate that increased supplemental pumping is the dominant stress to the groundwater system in the subbasin. Simulated supplemental pumping and decreased recharge from irrigation between 2000 and 2010 totaled 323,573 acre-ft, 234,800 acre-ft (73 percent) of which was from supplemental pumping. The response of the groundwater system to this change in stress included about 180,500 acre-ft (56 percent) of decreased groundwater discharge to drains and a 126,000 acre-ft (39 percent) reduction in aquifer storage. The remaining 5 percent came from reduced groundwater flow to other model boundaries, including the Lost River, the Tule Lake sumps, and interbasin flow.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in'><span lang=EN style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>Suggested Citation<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:34.8pt;text-indent:-24.0pt'><span lang=EN style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Pischel, E.M., and Gannett, M.W., 2015, Effects of groundwater pumping on agricultural drains in the Tule Lake subbasin, Oregon and California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5087, 44 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155087.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>